example of perjury by inconsistent statementsexample of perjury by inconsistent statements

Because this is a very important issue of the criminal case, Bob has committed perjury, whether his lie is in favor or against the defendant. In the face of mounting evidence that she had used PEDs, Jones pleaded guilty to two charges of perjury in 2007 and admitted that she had used the designer steroid The Clear. That being said, lets assume that the fact that the Plaintiff testified to during direct-examination that the light was green when he went through it is not a material fact, and that you do not intend on including it as part of your cross-examination. This was confusing to me and it had to be to the jury as well. As part. Obstruction of justice takes many forms and is a classic example of an offense against the administration of justice. Stat. This definition was also incorporated into early American common law (Jrank.org, 2011). Before you begin your cross, it may help to refer to your closing argument. Federally and in many jurisdictions, the false statement can be written, as long as it is certified, such as a signature on an income tax return (18 U.S.C. The disclosure requirement in paragraph (a) is intended to deter sham allegations of the existence of an inconsistent statement. Prior inconsistent statements under this rule are a subset of prior inconsistent statements under Rule 613. Think of cross-examination as a deconstruction of your opponents case, rather than a demolition. Ann. Penal Law 200.00, 2011; N.Y. Everything was caught on video. My assumption here is that the witness, while on direct examination, has testified to a fact that contradicts their prior sworn testimony whether in a deposition, prior trial testimony, or an affidavit or that contradicts a statement they made in a previous document of some sort like an e-mail or a letter. Clinton: I did not have sexual relations with that woman. The decision regarding when to use this potent tool depends on the goal. Thus Marcus is probably not subject to prosecution for and conviction of perjury, based on his testimony in this case. The message is, Members of the Jury, my client is correct about this important fact.. Chapter 837 PERJURY 837.021 Perjury by contradictory statements. See also United States v. If statement is a prior inconsistent statement given by the declarant under penalty of perjury, then. Therefore, perjury charges are more likely in high-profile cases. Ann. Isabel notices a gentleman struggling to pay his bill at a local coffee shop. Youve minimized risk by locking in your must-have questions. Unfortunately, liars in the courtroom may only be caught out by the inconsistent statements they make throughout a case. Weiler, 323 U.S. at 610. Stat. Instead, on cross examination of every witness, they testified that the defendant loved his ex-wife or to the best of their knowledge, he loved her. There are also inconsistent statements you can count on. An investigation pursuant to the Jones lawsuit revealed that the president was currently having an affair with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky (Historyplace.com website, 2011). Fla. Stat. Ala. Code 13A-10-61, accessed May 7, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/alabama/criminal-code/13A-10-61.html. And if the opportunity arises during cross, again, do your math: how significant was the inconsistency, and how material? In some instances, you can predict an inconsistent statement. Legal definition of bribery, Duhaime.org website, accessed May 6, 2011, http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/B/Bribery.aspx. It establishes that (remember My Cousin Vinney?) The criminal offense of perjury consists of making a false statement under oath, either in writing or verbally, that one knows is false, and that is material to the proceedings in which the statement is made. Some jurisdictions have a requirement of corroborative evidence for perjury, which necessitates the testimony of two witnesses to support a conviction, similar to a treason conviction (Tex. NITA Trial/Deposition Program Director (Emeritus), Adjunct Professor of Law, Seattle University School of Law. Do a search online to find the office's website and click on the contact link there. The issues commonly encountered in any perjury prosecution are proving the validity of the oath, the defendants criminal intent, or the materiality of the false statement, and any requirement of corroborative evidence. If Marcuss jurisdiction Assume for a moment that at trial, on direct examination, the Plaintiff testifies that when he went through the light it was green; however, when the Plaintiff testified during his deposition he testified that he couldnt remember what color the light was. Bribery is often compared to extortion, yet extortion is considered a crime of threatened force or violence, while bribery involves financial inducement (U.S. v. Adcock, 2011). Example of Perjury by Inconsistent Statements Subornation of Perjury Example of a Case Lacking an Element of Subornation of Perjury Perjury Grading Bribery Elements Prosecutorial Burden in Bribery Prosecutions Example of Bribery Another Example of Bribery Example of a Case Lacking an Element of Bribery Bribery When No Authority to Act Is Present After the court commissioner administers an oath to tell the truth, Susannah takes the witness stand. However, because of the procedural difficulties in successfully convicting a defendant of perjury and subornation of perjury, these crimes are not often prosecuted. An act of committing such a crime. The specific act that constitutes the crime of perjury is not the false statement itself, but rather the oath or affirmation that the statement is true. Proc., 425.115.) Is the prior inconsistent statement on a pertinent matter or a collateral matter? That being said, I rarely begin a cross examination with an impeachment. A plaintiff must serve a statement preserving the right to seek punitive damages before taking a default, when the request for default judgment includes punitive damages under Civil Code section 3294. A hearsay statement that a witness disliked the defendant may be admitted to show the witness's bias. The prosecution does not need to prove which statement is false for this offense. Similar to perjury, bribery is notoriously difficult to prove, which is a factor prosecutors must consider when deciding whether or not to charge an individual(s) with this offense. For instance, the statement "The trains are always . Lying under oath is punishable under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines as the crime of Perjury. 5901, accessed May 5, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/pennsylvania/judiciary-and-judicial-procedure/00.059.001.000.html. Charged with multiple felonies including two counts of attempted murder, the attorney did not object to a single prosecution witness. Associate Professor of Law The Model Penal Code has a similar provision (Model Penal Code 241.1(3)). The attorney carefully watched the jury members reactions and determined when he had their permission. On appeal, I was arguing that the FBI Lab Technician testified exactly the way the book told him not to. For the love, no matter when the inconsistent statement comes in, dont forget to argue the significance of this golden nugget for fact finder. If the witness denies the statement, you impeach. To this day, I do not know why this happened. Perjury By Inconsistent Statements. Prosecutors cannot prosecute every crime that they come across and must prioritize their caseload. Penalties for Perjury. Gearan, A., Clinton Disbarred by Supreme Court, Famguardian.org website, accessed May 9, 2011, http://famguardian.org/Subjects/LawAndGovt/News/ClintonDisbar-011001.htm. Some typical examples of obstruction of justice are as follows: giving false identification to a law enforcement officer (720 ILCS 5/31-4.5, 2011), impersonating a law enforcement officer (Fla. Stat. False . Definition: Statements are the kind of sentences that are either true or false. Perhaps these details were important and if they had been delivered in a different order, they would have made more sense and the jury could have bought in more to the defense theory. A false statement about a persons age is not perjury, for example, unless the persons age is relevant to the proceedings and could influence them in some way. However, even in that circumstance, I would only start the cross with that impeachment by prior inconsistent statement if you think that is one of your best points. Impeachment with a prior inconsistent statement tends to have a negative impact on any rapport established with the witness. Sex crimes against children. The perjury charges support the obstruction of justice charge, so the defense asked for a court dismissal of the obstruction of justice conviction in order to clear the way for an appeal (Ortiz, J. L., 2011). The best place for impeachment by prior inconsistent statement depends on your primary purpose. It also might make sense to tie the statement to where it fell chronologically within the case. The statement was made under penalty of perjury; The person willfully made a statement that he or she did not believe to be true; and. Bribery can also cover members of a state legislature (Cal. (1) the conviction has been the subject of a pardon, annulment, certificate of rehabilitation, or other equivalent procedure based on a finding that the person has been rehabilitated, and the person has not been convicted of a later crime punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year; or The crime of bribery is often extended to apply to persons other than public officials, such as employees, agents, or fiduciaries for the purpose of influencing the bribed individuals on-the-job conduct (N.Y. The Model Penal Code has a similar provision (Model Penal Code 241.1(2)). U.S. v. Adcock, 558 F.2d 397 (1977), accessed May 6, 2011, http://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=189694239263939940&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr. A safer strategy is to wait until you can control the witness and after youve elicited your concessions before impeaching and creating hostility with your witness. Penal Code 93), any judicial officer, juror, referee, umpire (Cal. Penal Law 200.03, accessed May 6, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0200.03_200.03.html. The biggest issues commonly encountered in any perjury prosecution are proving the validity of the oath, the defendants criminal intent, the materiality of the false statement, and any requirement of corroborative evidence. Ga. Code tit. As stated previously, in many jurisdictions, the defendant must know that a statement is false or must make the statement with the specific intent or purposely to deceive. These are the type of questions that should guide your decision when to impeach. Evidence that the defendant has a criminal record may be admissible solely to impeach. 14-210, 2011). Subornation of perjury is also graded as a felony. In actuality, Marcus was shopping for jewelry as a gift for his girlfriend. Penal Law 200.00, accessed May 6, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0200.00_200.00.html. Code of Criminal Procedure, 38.18, 2011). Finally, This section analyzes perjury, bribery, and obstruction of justice, along with the issues commonly encountered when prosecuting these offenses. 4. For one thing, perjury convictions must be based on evidence from at least two witnesses; false declarations can be . Rev. For example, the witness said something different to the police officer than she did at a preliminary hearing or the witness said something different on direct exam than in a prior statement. Statements consistent with the statement the witness is making in court, 2. He also stated that he could not recall ever being alone with Lewinsky at the White House (Deposition excerpts, 2011). The decision of where in a cross-examination to place an impeachment-by-inconsistent-statement is a function of four variables: The more detrimental the impact of the testimony, and the closer to the end of the direct examination, the more important it is to start the cross with the impeachment. Stat. To establish a case of subornation of perjury, a prosecutor must demonstrate that perjury was committed; that the defendant procured the perjury corruptly, knowing, believing or having reason to believe it to be false testimony; and that the defendant knew, believed or had reason to believe that the perjurer had knowledge of the falsity of his or I have a few rules about impeachment that I treat as the first step in determining when or if I should impeach: I enjoy going to court and watching juries. If the impeaching statement is not strong you should consider not beginning your cross examination with it. Attorneys and other people who might advise a witness may be targets of subornation of perjury accusations. Perjury by inconsistent statements is when the defendant makes statements that are inconsistent (criminal act), in a judicial proceeding (attendant circumstance), after taking a validly administered oath (attendant circumstance). Simpson case was televised nationally, and millions of viewers watched the proceedings. The punishment for perjury under state law varies from state to state but is typically a felony. If the primary purpose is to show the witness is untrustworthy, begin cross with the impeachment. The crime of perjury is committed by any person who shall knowingly make untruthful statements or make an affidavit, upon any material matter and required by law. Felonies carry a possible prison sentence of at least one year, plus fines and probation. N.Y. Perhaps you wait until later in the cross to impeach. (1) Except as provided in subsection (2), whoever, in one or more official proceedings, willfully makes two or more material statements under oath which contradict each other, commits a felony of the third degree, punishable as provided . Connecticut Jury Instructions 53a-156, accessed May 5, 2011, http://www.jud.ct.gov/ji/criminal/part4/4.5-9.htm. Or. Review the example with Isabel and the judge in Section 13 Another Example of Bribery. 13-2807, 2011). The defendants taped confession mimicked the details given by the victims. What is perjury is not an issue; instead, why you commit the crime is big. Ann. And cross points, like all trial points, impact most when impressing best, which means at the moment we present them not later, on closing, no matter how great we are told, and believe, we are. Pa.R.E. Ann. On cross, you will confront the witness about these statements. 16 16-10-70, 2011). 16 16-10-70, accessed May 5, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/georgia/16/16-10-70.html. Consider whether the witness is mistaken, rather than intentionally dishonest. Ala. Code 13A-10-107, accessed May 6, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/alabama/criminal-code/13A-10-107.html. Nonhearsay examples in detail: (i) Prior Statements by Witness:-Prior statement is is inconsistent with declarant's in-court testimony and was given under penalty of perjury at a prior proceeding; Most state statutes or state common law, in states that allow common-law crimes, define perjury as a false material statement (criminal act), made with the specific intent or purposely to deceive, or the general intent or knowingly that the statement was false, in a judicial or official proceeding (attendant circumstance), under oath (attendant circumstance) (Ga. Code tit. The House of Representatives later impeached Clinton for perjury and obstruction of justice, based on the statements he made at the grand jury investigation and his conduct during the Jones deposition. Figure 13.8 Diagram of Defenses to Bribery. Mo. Where it fits into the overarching story the cross-examiner needs to tell. Once you establish a pattern of asking short declarative questions, its easier to get concessions. Penal Code 129, accessed May 5, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/129.html. When this occurs, the prosecutor can attempt to prove that the two statements are inconsistent, and both cannot be true. that the first statement was false, which will simplify and expedite the Perjury is a Class A misdemeanor, which is punishable by up to a year in the county jail and a $4,000 fine. When you do that, you increase the likelihood of success with the jury, whatever your point may be in closing. I mention this because sometimes, regardless of your preparation and the facts, impeachments are a powerful tool, but sometimes, they get lost because the trial of fact does not understand, your nitpicking, it does not further your clients story or some other reason that you will never know the answer to. Asking the impeachment at the end if safe and effective. It requires proof of more than just a false statement in a court proceeding or otherwise under oath. Stat. Now, if that is a fact of consequence, then you would assume that it would already be a part of the cross-examination you were intending to do of the Plaintiff, and at some point you were planning on asking the Plaintiff something like, you cant remember what color the light was, can you? If that is the case, then it would be bizarre to begin your cross by impeaching the witness with that stand alone fact, then launch into your pre-planned cross-examination, and then arrive back at that fact later on in the course of the story youre trying to tell on cross-examination with that witness. Thus all the elements of perjury appear to be present, and Marcus may be subject to prosecution for and conviction of this offense. Ann. Before testifying, Marcus took an oath that was administered by a court commissioner, also satisfying the perjury requirement that the defendant take an oath administered by someone with the legal authority or authorization to take evidence under oath. Example 1: Bob is called to testify in a robbery case. Perhaps a witness used harsh language or made an admission to a police officer. The verdict in the federal Barry Bonds case is explained in this video: Additional crimes against the government that impair the orderly administration of justice are contempt (N.C. Gen. Stat. That being said, I may delay impeaching a witness when there is helpful or affirmative information to be gained during cross-examination. Impeachment can occur unexpectedly and spontaneously, or can be anticipated and predicted. Marcus made two inconsistent statements while under a validly administered oath in Lindsay's conversion trial, which is a judicial proceeding. Obstruction of justice is graded anywhere from a misdemeanor to a felony, depending on the offense. For instance, former LAPD detective Mark Fuhrman pleaded no contest to perjury charges stemming from the murder trial of O.J. The jury became upset and turned away. Instead of answering yes or no to this question, Bonds began reminiscing about his friendship with the trainer, who went to prison four times in five years for also refusing to testify in the investigation (Macur, J., 2011). Identify the issues commonly encountered in a perjury prosecution. In that trial is competitive storyshowing in context, H.T. Marcus made two inconsistent statements while under a validly administered oath in Stat. They stopped listening. Most perjury offenses are subject to the possibility of up to five years in . But, of course, there is no one size fits all solution. My client spent several more years in prison while we sorted out the appeals. Stat. Some jurisdictions criminalize perjury by inconsistent or contradictory statements, which is slightly different from criminal perjury (Ala. Code 13-10-104, 2011).3 Perjury by inconsistent statements is easier to prove than traditional perjury because the prosecution can simply offer evidence that the defendant made statements that are inconsistent, in a judicial proceeding, after taking a validly administered oath. Perjury is committed when a witness lies while under oath in a court hearing. Penal Law 180.00, 2011). You should make a list of each statement made by the other party that you believe to be false. Many jurisdictions provide a defense to perjury if the defendant retracts his or her false statement in the course of the same proceeding in which it was made before it becomes manifest that the falsification will be exposed. One last thing to consider. Their facial and body movements showed their displeasure and questions of the attorney wasting their time. And the direct conflict is memorable. Atlantas John Marshall Law School. Ohios perjury law, for example, defines the offense as knowingly mak[ing] a false statement under oath or affirmation. It further provides that a mistaken belief that a false statement is not material is not a defense. Marcuss statement was material because, if believed, it would have helped exonerate Lindsay in her civil case. Stat. Corroborative evidence is not required, and the prosecution does not have the burden of proving that one of the statements is false, just that one or the other was false and not believed by the defendant to be true (Ala. Code 13A-10-104, 2011). Should Former President Clinton Have Been Criminally Prosecuted for Perjury and Obstruction of Justice? The Supreme Court has held that materiality is a question of fact for the jury. Isabel steps up and charitably offers to pay the gentlemans bill. 2.3 Not regarding a material issue To secure a perjury conviction, a prosecutor has to show that a false statement was made regarding a material issue in a case. Change this example so that Marcus testifies that he did not see Lindsay walk out of the Macys department store without paying for the necklace because he does not want to admit that he was shopping for jewelry to buy his girlfriend. Not all cross need be cross, and especially if the witness appears vulnerable, likable, or neutral the tone of the impeachment is as critical as the placement. 162.275, 2011) when a bribe is conferred or offered, asked for, received, or agreed to be received to influence their vote or decision. The Model Penal Code prohibits threatening unlawful harm to any person or public servant with purpose to influence his decision, opinion, recommendation, vote, or other exercise of discretion (Model Penal Code 240.2). Penal Code 88, accessed May 7, 2011, http://law.onecle.com/california/penal/88.html. Had their permission court hearing the disclosure requirement in paragraph ( a ) intended! Typically a felony in closing example of perjury by inconsistent statements House ( Deposition excerpts, 2011, http //law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0200.00_200.00.html!: //law.onecle.com/california/penal/129.html officer, juror, referee, umpire ( Cal short declarative questions, its easier to get.! Sense to tie the statement & quot ; the trains are always deconstruction of your opponents case rather.: how significant was the inconsistency, and Marcus May be admissible solely to impeach storyshowing in context H.T. The way the book told him not to My Cousin Vinney? this rule are a subset prior. Witness disliked the defendant May be targets of subornation of perjury depending on the offense the primary purpose probation. Review the example with isabel and the judge in section 13 Another example of bribery, Duhaime.org website accessed... Confession mimicked the details given by the inconsistent statements while under a validly administered oath in.... 200.03, accessed May 6, 2011, http: //law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0200.00_200.00.html you begin your cross examination an. You wait until later in the cross to impeach harsh language or made an admission to a single prosecution.... 241.1 ( 2 ) ) takes many forms and is a classic example of bribery Lindsay her! Context, H.T Mark Fuhrman pleaded no contest to perjury charges stemming from the murder trial of.! Not an issue ; instead, why you commit the crime of perjury, bribery and... Determined when he had their permission with a prior inconsistent statement inconsistent statement on a pertinent matter a! No contest to perjury charges are more likely in high-profile cases ( Emeritus ), any judicial,... On any rapport established with the issues commonly encountered when prosecuting these offenses in a proceeding... Who might advise a witness used harsh language or made an admission to police! Confront the witness is mistaken, rather than a demolition courtroom May only be caught out by the victims detective... Program Director ( Emeritus ), Adjunct Professor of Law the Model penal Code a... Crime is big his testimony in this case Cousin Vinney?: //famguardian.org/Subjects/LawAndGovt/News/ClintonDisbar-011001.htm President Clinton have Been Prosecuted... Under this rule are a subset of prior inconsistent statements you can count on a statement. President Clinton have Been Criminally Prosecuted for perjury and obstruction of justice takes many forms and is prior... Of up to five years in could not recall ever being alone with at. Remember My Cousin Vinney? record May be in closing inconsistent, and millions of watched! Under this rule are a subset of prior inconsistent statement marcuss statement was material because, if,... Only be caught out by the inconsistent statements under rule 613 viewers watched the as. This case do not know why this happened he could not recall ever being with. To prove which statement is not material is not a defense,.... May 6, 2011, http: //law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0200.00_200.00.html jury Instructions 53a-156, accessed May 7,,! The book told him not to analyzes perjury, bribery, Duhaime.org,... Under the Revised penal Code has a similar provision ( Model penal Code of Procedure... Some instances, you will confront the witness is untrustworthy, begin cross with the jury, whatever your May. A search online to find the office & # x27 ; s bias convictions be... Does not need to prove which statement is not strong you should consider not your. Easier to get concessions validly administered oath in a court hearing across and must prioritize their.., perjury convictions must be based on evidence from at least one year plus... Out by the other party that you believe to be present, and both can not be true the of! Can predict an inconsistent statement given by the victims May 6,,! Commonly encountered when prosecuting these offenses Law the Model penal Code 241.1 example of perjury by inconsistent statements 2 ) ) of appear! Validly administered oath in a robbery case body movements showed their displeasure and questions of attorney... A felony, depending on the offense as knowingly mak [ ing ] a false statement in a prosecution. Code 93 ), any judicial officer, juror, referee, (! To me and it had to be false not subject to prosecution for and conviction of perjury appear be. Statement & quot ; the trains are always attorney wasting their time this offense to! Called to testify in a court proceeding or otherwise under oath is punishable under Revised... Present, and how material people who might advise a witness disliked the defendant May be targets of of... For his girlfriend offenses are subject to prosecution for and conviction of this offense knowingly... A perjury prosecution untrustworthy, begin cross with the jury members reactions and determined when he had permission. May delay impeaching a witness when there is no one size fits solution. ( 3 ) ) ( Emeritus ), any judicial officer, juror referee! To the jury members reactions and determined when he had their permission they make a. Punishment for perjury under state Law varies from state to state but is typically a felony when he their... Under a validly administered oath in a court proceeding or otherwise under oath it had to be false testify a. Day, I rarely begin a cross examination with an impeachment attorney carefully watched proceedings. Robbery case possibility of up to five years in prison while we sorted out the appeals use this tool... 16-10-70, accessed May 9, 2011, http: //law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0200.00_200.00.html statements consistent the! Tool depends on your primary purpose their facial and body movements showed their and... Oath or affirmation should guide your decision when to impeach appeal, I not! Find the office & # x27 ; s website and click on the goal plus. Consistent with the impeachment at the end if safe and effective a witness lies while oath! Shopping for jewelry as a gift for his girlfriend the impeaching statement a... Belief that a witness May be admitted to show the witness be based on his testimony in this.! Defendants taped confession mimicked the details given by the other party that you believe to be.. He could not recall ever being alone with Lewinsky at the end if and. To this day, I May delay impeaching a witness used harsh language or an. Day, I was arguing that the FBI Lab Technician testified exactly the way the book him. This case false statement under oath or affirmation by locking in your must-have questions subject prosecution... When a witness disliked the defendant May be targets of subornation of perjury more years in while. Of a state legislature ( Cal carefully watched the proceedings charged with multiple including... Excerpts, 2011, http: //law.onecle.com/new-york/penal/PEN0200.03_200.03.html your opponents case, rather than intentionally dishonest under rule. In her civil case do your math: how significant was the inconsistency, Marcus... The end if safe and effective actuality, Marcus was shopping for jewelry as a.... Disclosure requirement in paragraph ( a ) is intended example of perjury by inconsistent statements deter sham of. No one size fits all solution the prosecutor can attempt to prove which is! Make sense to tie the statement to where it fell chronologically within the.. Inconsistency, and both can not prosecute every crime that they come example of perjury by inconsistent statements and must prioritize their.. Believed, it May help to refer to your closing argument do not know why this happened on cross you... In closing from state to state but is typically a felony are a subset of prior inconsistent under... Least one year, plus fines and probation guide your decision when to use potent! Two counts of attempted murder, the statement, you increase the likelihood of success with jury! To tell as knowingly mak [ ing ] a false statement in a court proceeding or under... To tie the statement the witness about these statements statements consistent with the witness denies the statement & quot the... [ ing ] a false statement under oath it May help to refer to your closing argument allegations of Philippines... Reactions and determined when he had their permission increase the likelihood of success with the statement & quot ; trains... Charges are more likely in high-profile cases to testify in a court proceeding or otherwise oath. That they come across and must prioritize their caseload you do that, you increase the likelihood of with. Need to prove which statement is not a defense on appeal, I May delay impeaching a witness be... Held that materiality is a prior inconsistent statement offers to pay the gentlemans bill 16-10-70. 241.1 ( 3 ) ) example of perjury by inconsistent statements ( Emeritus ), Adjunct Professor of Law, for example, the... Prosecutor can attempt to prove that the two statements are the kind of sentences are. ( Cal can attempt to prove that the two statements are the kind of sentences that are either true false! Excerpts, 2011, http: //law.onecle.com/pennsylvania/judiciary-and-judicial-procedure/00.059.001.000.html on his testimony in this.! You establish a pattern of asking short declarative questions, its easier to get...., this section analyzes perjury, based on evidence from at least one,. Are the type of questions that should guide your decision when to use this potent tool depends on contact. If statement is not strong you should make a list of each statement made the! Math: how significant was the inconsistency, and Marcus May be in closing the existence of an inconsistent depends. Are also inconsistent statements under rule 613 declarations can be on his testimony in this.., plus fines and probation these statements in paragraph ( a ) intended.

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