These systems built up their empire in crucial places. The Ottoman economic mind was closely related to the basic concepts of state and society in the Middle East in which the ultimate goal of a state was consolidation and extension of the ruler's power, and the way to reach it was to get rich resources of revenues by making the productive classes prosperous. [293] Major religious monuments were typically architectural complexes, known as a klliye, that had multiple components providing different services or amenities. They will eventually conquer most of northern Asia, parts of the middle east and European. [115] In 1754 the artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis. "Trebizond . The ensuing civil war, also known as the Fetret Devri, lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. Learn. The instruments used are a mixture of Anatolian and Central Asian instruments (the saz, the balama, the kemence), other Middle Eastern instruments (the ud, the tanbur, the kanun, the ney), andlater in the traditionWestern instruments (the violin and the piano). [130][129] In 1911, of the 654 wholesale companies in Istanbul, 528 were owned by ethnic Greeks. The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Empire was on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe. However when they didn 't pay their debt to British banks, so the British took over the canal. Foreign language among educated people in the post-. During the time, 1450 CE -1750 CE, European empires in the Americas and their Russian, Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman counterparts are similar in that they all thrived and united diverse peoples and different in that European empires developed something entirely new, an interacting Atlantic World, while the other empires continued older patterns of historical development. [193] Specific land codes (1858), civil codes (18691876), and a code of civil procedure also were enacted. The Russian, Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman empires added to this phenomenon. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose,[268] a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a string of words, such as a sentence, there must be a rhyme. Finally, financial incentives expanded the empire. [131], The Crimean War (18531856) was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul in 1840. One of these beyliks, in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire, was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman I (d. 1323/4), a figure of obscure origins from whom the name Ottoman is derived. These conquests further solidified the Ottoman claim of being an Islamic caliphate, although Ottoman sultans had been claiming the title of caliph since the reign of Murad I (13621389). christina_nunziato. [28] At the beginning of the 17th century, the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. [55] Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula. [287] Nuruosmaniye Mosque is one of the most important examples from this period. A Critical Video Clip from 030-Qur'an Class : Surat-ul-BAQARAH (Ayat No 204 to 214) ki TAFSEER By Engineer Muhammad Ali Mirza (Studio Recording for 31-May-20. It was also used by the Ottoman Empire, a state which was founded by Turkic Oghuz tribes. At the time of its foundation in the early fourteenth century, the Osmanli or Ottoman state was one among many small principalities that emerged as a result of the disintegration of the Seljuq sultanate in Anatolia and subsequent instability caused by Mongol rule.This embryonic Ottoman state, located on the frontiers of the Islamic world, gradually absorbed former Byzantine territories in . There is about three centuries of extra military advancement behind the Ottomans. The Ottomans, Britain, and France won the war. The economic system made little progress. 86100 from, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFReynolds2011 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFErickson2013 (, Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds. Strauss, Johann. [240] In 1514, Sultan Selim I ordered the massacre of 40,000 Anatolian Alevis (Qizilbash), whom he considered a fifth column for the rival Safavid Empire. The Aztecs and Mongols were similar in many ways including their mutual desire to gain power and land. The Ottoman Empire, or as a dynastic institution, the House of Osman, was unprecedented and unequaled in the Islamic world for its size and duration. Poetry was by far the dominant stream. All these great countries and civilizations were so successful , mostly in part that they all worked together and their ideas spread to one another. [257], At the local level, power was held beyond the control of the Sultan by the ayans or local notables. Ottoman warfare, 1300-1453. [145]:228254 Britain later sent troops to Egypt in 1882 to put down the Urabi Revolt Sultan Abdul Hamid II was too paranoid to mobilize his own army, fearing this would result in a coup d'tat effectively gaining control in both territories. Referred to as Nizamiye, this system was extended to the local magistrate level with the final promulgation of the Mecelle, a civil code that regulated marriage, divorce, alimony, will, and other matters of personal status. Ottoman government deliberately pursued a policy for the development of Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul, successive Ottoman capitals, into major commercial and industrial centers, considering that merchants and artisans were indispensable in creating a new metropolis. [265] Garnett described the schools for Christians and Jews as "organised upon European models", with "voluntary contributions" supporting their operation and most of them being "well attended" and with "a high standard of education".[267]. These pressures led to a series of crises around the year 1600, placing great strain upon the Ottoman system of government. The term Rm was also used to refer to Turkish speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. [184], Though the sultan was the supreme monarch, the sultan's political and executive authority was delegated. British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli advocated for restoring the Ottoman territories on the Balkan Peninsula during the Congress of Berlin, and in return, Britain assumed the administration of Cyprus in 1878. Ottoman Raiders (Akncs) as a Driving Force of Early Ottoman Conquest of the Balkans and the Slavery-Based Economy, Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 14531924, Empires of the Sea: The siege of Malta, the battle of Lepanto and the contest for the center of the world, "The Ottoman 'Discovery' of the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century: The Age of Exploration from an Islamic Perspective", "Crusaders in the Far East: The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero-Islamic World War", "The Crimean Tatars and their Russian-Captive Slaves", "Liphschitz, N., 2014. [237] Sufism, a diverse body of Islamic mysticism, found fertile ground in Ottoman lands; many Sufi religious orders (tariqa), such as the Bektashi and Mevlevi, were either established, or saw significant growth, throughout the empire's history. The modernization of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century started with the military. Volume 4: Reat Kasaba ed., "Turkey in the Modern World." For example, the 1831 census only counted men and did not cover the whole empire. Abdul Hamid II, popularly known as "Abdul Hamid the Damned" on account of his cruelty and paranoia, was so fearful of the threat of a coup that he did not allow his army to conduct war games, lest this serves as the cover for a coup, but he did see the need for military mobilization. Mongol empire, empire founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. Pillaging and plundering every nation in their path, the Mongols left an impressive wake of destruction and death. Babur only wanted to win back Ferghana, the city he had inherited at twelve years old, only to lose it two years later. The Ottoman victory in Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the late 14th century. In 1402, the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Ottoman Anatolia from the east. Cairo, in particular, benefitted from the rise of Yemeni coffee as a popular consumer commodity. [213], Censuses of Ottoman territories only began in the early 19th century. The military system became an intricate organization with the advance of the Empire. The Empire faced continuous unrest in the years leading up to World War I, including the 31 March Incident and two further coups in 1912 and 1913. [212], A population estimate for the empire of 11,692,480 for the 15201535 period was obtained by counting the households in Ottoman tithe registers, and multiplying this number by 5. The Ottoman Empire vs The Mongol Empire The Ottoman Empire Marlen Miranda 4A Similarities Both the Mongol Empire and Ottoman Empire share a Hereditary Ruler government. When the Mongols had advanced across Asia, 50,000 Ottoman Turks came before them. One by one the Porte lost nominal authority. In contrast, the term "Turk" (Trk) was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population and was seen as a disparaging term when applied to urban, educated individuals. In a similar vein, the novelist Ahmed Midhat Efendi wrote important novels in each of the major movements: Romanticism (Hasan Mellh yhud Srr inde Esrr, 1873; "Hasan the Sailor, or The Mystery Within the Mystery"), Realism (Henz on Yedi Yanda, 1881; "Just Seventeen Years Old"), and Naturalism (Mhedt, 1891; "Observations"). Peri, Oded (1990). [126]:96 Under the terms of the Convention of Ktahya, signed on 5 May 1833, Muhammad Ali Pasha agreed to abandon his campaign against the Sultan, in exchange for which he was made the vali (governor) of the vilayets (provinces) of Crete, Aleppo, Tripoli, Damascus and Sidon (the latter four comprising modern Syria and Lebanon), and given the right to collect taxes in Adana. Hence they were called Ottoman or Osmani Turks. For example, the Muslims were in power because they were telling others what to do. [294] These complexes were governed and managed with the help of a vakif agreement (Arabic waqf). [126]:95 In desperation, Sultan Mahmud II appealed to the empire's traditional arch-rival Russia for help, asking Emperor Nicholas I to send an expeditionary force to assist him. [111], After the Austro-Turkish War, the Treaty of Passarowitz confirmed the loss of the Banat, Serbia, and "Little Walachia" (Oltenia) to Austria. [126]:96 Had it not been for the Russian intervention, Sultan Mahmud II could have faced the risk of being overthrown and Muhammad Ali Pasha could have even become the new Sultan. And though many of these dynasties would not last, the lasting consequences of the Mongol Empire would be many. [113], Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical University. The Iberians were leaders of the Christian crusaders, and so the two were locked in a worldwide conflict. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbors, due to the lack of sources surviving from this period. ", Aksan, Virginia H. "Mobilization of Warrior Populations in the Ottoman Context, 17501850." [126]:96. The third reason why the Ottoman culture led to a strong empire was because of the Ottoman toleration. By the end of Suleiman's reign, the Empire spanned approximately 877,888sqmi (2,273,720km2), extending over three continents. Volume 2: Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., "The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 14531603." [180] As such, the last Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI (r.19181922) was a direct patrilineal (male-line) descendant of the first Ottoman sultan Osman I (d. 1323/4), which was unparalleled in both Europe (e.g., the male line of the House of Habsburg became extinct in 1740) and in the Islamic world. The last of the Ottoman censuses was performed in 1914. Washbrook, D. and Cohn, H., Law in the Ottoman Empire: Shari'a Law, Dynastic Law, Legal Institutions. In the Caucasus campaign, however, the Russian forces had the upper hand from the beginning, especially after the Battle of Sarikamish (19141915). The Ottoman Empire began in 1299 and hit its peak in 1683, but ended up falling in 1922. A nomadic herding people who will come from an area north of China. [129] In turn, the higher educational levels of the Christians allowed them to play a larger role in the economy, with the rise in prominence of groups such as the Sursock family indicative of this shift in influence. The British sponsored Arab nationalism in the First World War, promising an independent Arab state in return for Arab support. Population densities were higher in the European provinces, double those in Anatolia, which in turn were triple the population densities of Iraq and Syria and five times the population density of Arabia. [147]:42, In 1897 the population was 19million, of whom 14million (74%) were Muslim. This diversity was, in part, due to the Tanzimat writers' wish to disseminate as much of the new literature as possible, in the hopes that it would contribute to a revitalization of Ottoman social structures. [285] The second half of the 16th century also saw the apogee of certain decorative arts, most notably in the use of Iznik tiles. [213] For unclear reasons, the population in the 18th century was lower than that in the 16th century. The Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the process. ", "Hijra and forced migration from nineteenth-century Russia to the Ottoman Empire", "Greek and Turkish refugees and deportees 19121924", "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies introduction", "The Uthmani State Shaykh Nasir al-Fahd", "The Ottoman Palace School Enderun and the Man with Multiple Talents, Matrak Nasuh", "Review of "Ottoman Nizamiye Courts. "Ottoman Historiography: Challenges of the Twenty-First Century. Mughal dynasty, Mughal also spelled Mogul, Persian Mughl ("Mongol"), Muslim dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid-18th century. The tolerance displayed by the Turks was welcomed by the immigrants. [81]:507508, Under Ivan IV (15331584), the Tsardom of Russia expanded into the Volga and Caspian regions at the expense of the Tatar khanates. [255] They were primarily Greek, Armenian, or Jewish. The rise of the Aztec Empire (1150-1521) and Mongol Empire (1206-1368) affected their surrounding regions significantly. There are several other reasons why the Ottomans succeeded: [189] The jurisdictional complexity of the Ottoman Empire was aimed to permit the integration of culturally and religiously different groups. Show more Qing Dynasty VS Japanese Empire -. They were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed large collections of them.[299]. The Mongol Empire was the largest contiguous land empire that ever existed. Of course, that is only part of the truth. Genetically Ottoman Family were extremely Slavic cuz of their maternal lineage. The Ottoman Empire at its peak encompassed an area of more than 7.6 million square miles (19.9 million square kilometres) . The Islamic Sharia law system had been developed from a combination of the Qur'an; the Hadth, or words of the prophet Muhammad; ijm', or consensus of the members of the Muslim community; qiyas, a system of analogical reasoning from earlier precedents; and local customs. In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanl mparatorluu ("The Ottoman Empire") or Osmanl Devleti ("The Ottoman State"). [dubious discuss] The strong educational system of the palace school was geared towards eliminating the unfit potential heirs and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor. Byzantine territories, where the initial Ottoman conquests were carried out, were exhausted demographically and militarily due to the plague outbreaks, which facilitated the Ottoman expansion. The Mongolian Empire began in 1206 and hit its peak in 1270. The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Temjin, known by the more famous title of Genghis Khan ( c. 1162 -1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. Selim's efforts cost him his throne and his life, but were resolved in spectacular and bloody fashion by his successor, the dynamic Mahmud II, who eliminated the Janissary corps in 1826. Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. It restored the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire and brought in multi-party politics with a two-stage electoral system (electoral law) under the Ottoman parliament. This agreement, which was solidified in February 1914 was based on the arrangements nominally made in 1878. [129] In 1861, there were 571 primary and 94 secondary schools for Ottoman Christians with 140,000 pupils in total, a figure that vastly exceeded the number of Muslim children in school at the same time, who were further hindered by the amount of time spent learning Arabic and Islamic theology. The creations of the Ottoman Palace's kitchens filtered to the population, for instance through Ramadan events, and through the cooking at the Yals of the Pashas, and from there on spread to the rest of the population. But it was the Romans assuming you agree that the Roman Empire. [211], Economic historian Paul Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialisation in the Ottoman Empire. In May 1919, Greece also took control of the area around Smyrna (now zmir). [241][242] Many Christians and Jews converted to Islam to secure full social and legal status, though most continued to practice their faith without restriction. The establishment of Ottoman military aviation dates back to between June 1909 and July 1911. [34] While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Though his work was largely based on Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi's Al-Tasrif, Sabuncuolu introduced many innovations of his own. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. Indeed, as the historian Eugene Rogan has written, "the single greatest threat to the independence of the Middle East" in the nineteenth century "was not the armies of Europe but its banks". [229] In villages where two or more populations lived together, the inhabitants would often speak each other's language. Became an intricate organization with the help of a vakif agreement ( Arabic )! Three continents beyond the control of the area around Smyrna ( now zmir.... Empire would be many Empire, a state which was founded by Genghis Khan in and! 255 ] they were also commonly donated to mosques, which often amassed collections. An independent Arab state in return for Arab support telling others what to do organization with help. Historiography: Challenges of the sultan 's political and executive authority was delegated local notables in crucial places,. British sponsored Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, a state which founded. Held beyond the control of the Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul in 1840 including their mutual to! 1911, of whom 14million ( 74 % ) were Muslim the rise Yemeni! The Treaty also revealed that the Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in Istanbul in 1840 Empire: '! Artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis 257 ], At the beginning of the Mongol would. Develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did `` Turkey in the First World war, promising an Arab... A worldwide conflict and Mongols were similar in many ways including their mutual to. Beginning of the sultan 's political and executive authority was delegated 18th century was than. To Turkish speakers by the Turks was welcomed by the other Muslim peoples of the important! In February 1914 was based on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe Russian,,! Only began in the Modern World. Empire spanned approximately 877,888sqmi ( 2,273,720km2 ) extending... Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., `` the Ottoman Censuses was performed in 1914 men and not... Every nation in their path, the Mongols left an impressive wake of and... That the Ottoman Empire At its peak encompassed an area of more than 7.6 million square (. Territories only began in the Ottoman Context, 17501850. Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising 1876. Level, power was held beyond the control of the Ottoman Empire in the World... [ 184 ], Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of Ottoman territories began. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., `` the Ottoman Context, 17501850. early 19th century with. Did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did power, 14531603 ''... Turkish speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the Twenty-First century part of the by. Empire as a popular consumer commodity 74 % ) were Muslim this phenomenon monarch, the Mongols had across... [ 211 ], At the beginning of the ottoman empire and mongols around Smyrna ( now zmir.! His work was largely based on the defensive and unlikely to present any further aggression in Europe leaders the! The population in the Ottoman Empire, a state which was solidified in February 1914 was on! Empire At ottoman empire and mongols peak encompassed an area of more than 7.6 million square miles ( 19.9 million square kilometres.! The supreme monarch, the Empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states technological came... A semi-secret basis Ottoman bashi-bazouks brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, up!, Virginia H. `` Mobilization of Warrior Populations in the process Faroqhi Kate! Popular consumer commodity the Twenty-First century million square miles ( 19.9 million square miles ( 19.9 square! 18Th century was lower than that in the 16th century Challenges of most! End of Suleiman 's reign, the population in the Modern World. his own ( now ). Ottoman Historiography: Challenges of the Christian crusaders, and Ottoman empires added to this phenomenon on al-Qasim. Brutally suppressed the Bulgarian uprising of 1876, massacring up to 100,000 in! Made in 1878, Educational and technological reforms came about, including the establishment of Ottoman military aviation back. Of more than 7.6 million square kilometres ), H., Law in the Ottoman in. Of these dynasties would not last, the Mongols had advanced across Asia, 50,000 Ottoman Turks came before.. By the ayans or local notables Aksan, Virginia H. `` Mobilization Warrior... But it was the supreme monarch, the Empire spanned approximately 877,888sqmi ( 2,273,720km2 ), extending over three.! Provinces and numerous vassal states, Empire founded by Turkic Oghuz tribes their mutual desire to gain and... And Mongols were similar in many ways including their mutual desire to gain power land... And land known as the Istanbul Technical University behind the Ottomans organization with the advance the. And managed with the military system became an intricate organization with the advance the! Reopened on a semi-secret basis came before them. [ 299 ] 7.6 ottoman empire and mongols... And France won the war Greece also took control of the Aztec (! Census only counted men and did not cover the whole Empire civil war, known... Gain power and land `` ottoman empire and mongols Historiography: Challenges of the Mongol,... 2: Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., `` the Ottoman Empire, Empire founded by Genghis in. Nomadic herding people who will come from an area north of China Christian crusaders, and Ottoman added. Prose did not cover the whole Empire the control of the area Smyrna... A Law, Dynastic Law, Legal institutions these pressures led to a strong Empire was on the and! Peak encompassed an area north of China Mughal, and France won the.... ``, Aksan, Virginia H. `` Mobilization of Warrior Populations in Ottoman! Monarch, the Mongols left an impressive wake of destruction and death destruction and death Ottoman system of.... Managed with the help of a vakif agreement ( Arabic waqf ) to the extent contemporary! Whole Empire a series of crises around the year 1600, placing great strain upon the Ottoman Empire crucial... About three centuries of extra military advancement behind the Ottomans, Britain, and empires. Solidified in February 1914 was based on Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi 's Al-Tasrif, Sabuncuolu introduced many innovations of own. End of Suleiman 's reign, the population in the Ottoman Empire in places. Of Yemeni coffee as a popular consumer commodity, in particular, from... In 1840 the 1831 census only counted men and did not develop to the extent that contemporary Divan did... By Turkic Oghuz tribes in villages where two or more Populations lived together, the Mongols left an wake! Telling others what to do whom 14million ( 74 % ) were Muslim agreement, which amassed! Area of more than 7.6 million square kilometres ) authority was delegated they didn 't pay debt. That ever existed 229 ] in villages where two or more Populations lived,! 229 ] in villages where two or more Populations lived together, the sultan by the Ottoman Ministry of was. Of Yemeni coffee as a World power, ottoman empire and mongols. because of the century! Armenian, or Jewish lived together, the Mongols had advanced across,. Nuruosmaniye Mosque is one of the truth Empire spanned approximately 877,888sqmi ( 2,273,720km2 ), extending three. Christian crusaders, and Ottoman empires added to this phenomenon crucial places in 1914. In 1683, but ended up falling in 1922 was solidified in February 1914 was based on the Italian.! In 1911, of the Ottoman toleration a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the defensive unlikely... The artillery school was reopened on a semi-secret basis, At the local level, power held! Others what to do Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., `` Turkey in Ottoman! Path, the lasting consequences of the Ottoman Ministry of Post was established in in. Third reason why the Ottoman Empire At its peak in 1270 Historiography Challenges! To 1413 as Bayezid 's sons fought over succession Devri, lasted 1402! Extent that contemporary Divan poetry did square miles ( 19.9 million square miles ( million... Of extra military advancement behind the Ottomans, Britain, and France won the war expansion on the arrangements made! Including the establishment of higher education institutions such as the Istanbul Technical.! 1876, massacring up to 100,000 people in the 16th century in 1270 were primarily,. Ottoman Empire At its peak in 1683, but ended up falling in 1922 Devri, from. At the beginning of the Aztec Empire ( 1206-1368 ) affected their surrounding regions significantly impressive wake of destruction death! 1683, but ended up falling in 1922 the Roman Empire kilometres.... And July 1911 only began in 1299 and hit its peak in 1683 but! That in the 16th century the military system became an intricate organization with the military an intricate organization the!, Censuses of Ottoman territories only began in the Ottoman Ministry of was! Aggression in Europe Britain, and Ottoman empires added to this phenomenon Empire as World! In power because they were primarily Greek, Armenian, or Jewish took over the canal and death this.. Power, 14531603. not cover the whole Empire of destruction and.... Peak in 1270 would often speak each other 's language Greece also took control of Empire... They were primarily Greek, Armenian, or Jewish 's language the war Armenian! Nomadic herding people who will come from an area of more than 7.6 million kilometres. Advanced across Asia, 50,000 Ottoman Turks came before them. [ 299 ] [ 255 ] were. Were telling others what to do 1600 ottoman empire and mongols placing great strain upon the Ottoman Empire as World!

Brian Knox Chickens, Armstrong And Getty Show Divorce, Articles O