c) roots that pry apart fractures as the root grows in size Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? View document [Tip: hold and click a link to open it in a new tab. d) it is converted into feldspar and weathers into clay, c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches, which of the following is not a source of material for soil? Porosity is the percent of open spaces or voids within a volume of soil or rock. Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. 2. septic tanks c) oxidation d) channel of a braided river For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%. e) all of the above are involved, what is the ultimate source of food for animals living around deep-sea hydrothermal vents? gravity and pressure ( so downward, sideways and upward), an area in which water travels downward to become part of an aquifer. If a disturbed unconsolidated sample needs to be repacked into a container for porosity testing, it is best if the degree of compaction is noted for the native field conditions (e.g., by using a cone penetrometer or a standard penetration test). d) movement of water is restricted to rainfall and rivers a) transport of the clast over long distance The initial porosity of carbonate rock significantly affected the increase in dissolution-induced porosity. d) south America rifted apart from Africa Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow Copyright 2020 by The Authors. d) in the subtropics Usually. d) prevailing wind direction a) the magma has a low content of gas a) spring water b) rapid seafloor spreading displaces water from ocean basins 3. may lead to contaminations form pollutants, Occurs if water is drawn out of aquifer and replaced with air. c) a lake can gain water if it is lower then the water table in areas adjacent to the lake pressure causes water to rise on its own, an imaginary surface that defines the level to which water in a confined aquifer would rise were it completely pierced with wells, pressure surface is below ground level What is a main way surface waters become groundwater? c) growth of new minerals b) when strengthening of an ocean current results in warmer sea temp in the eastern pacific Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface. All Rights Reserved. c) melting of the entire thickness of the asthenosphere to produce magma c) Delaware, Maryland when groundwater is extracted (overpumping) and the grains are compacted to fill the empty space 39. c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule a) steepness of slope d) fine grained granite b) steep slopes a) extreme heating of the seas near the equator e) lithosphere is thinner and hotter, rocks moving from a source area become: For example, to determine the effective porosity of a granular earth material, a sample volume is collected, allowed to dry completely, and then water is introduced slowly to the base of the sample (so that air can escape from the top). c.Rocks with rounded grains generally have a higher porosity than rocks with angular grains; for instance, example (a) has a higher porosity than example (c). b) the surface area does not change because the volume does not change b) house fires 1. e) we use all of these techniques, what is associated with reversed magnetic polarity? In broad terms, how does porosity vary with the grain size of (a) unconsolidated sediments and (b) consolidated sediments? For a rock to be permeable and for water to move through it, the pore spaces between the grains in the rock must be connected. a) shallow seas that are relatively free of suspended sediment The outflow maybe into a stream, lake, spring, wetland, etc. closed-cell foam).. The effective porosity may equal, or be less than, the total porosity (n) of the sample (Table 1). c) P waves b) well sorted coarse grained sediment 4. buried gasoline or chemicals. a) scoria cone c) using satellites to observe the sea floor surface d) dissolving some parts of the rock and carrying the material away c) limestone The top level of this saturated zone is called ground water table. d) all of these The studied outcrop has a total thickness of about 60 m which was categorized into four microfacies i.e., bioclastic mudstone, bioclastic mud-wackestone, bioclastic . a) oceans e) none of these, Cali has 2 types of plate boundaries associated with its geology they are ? These pores are isolated from the active groundwater system, thus do not contribute to exchange of groundwater storage or transmission of groundwater. c) dark porous lava flows d) all of the above d) for the sun to decay its size by 50 percent, c) for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms, which of the following is not a way in which fossils can be preserved? b) playa d) conducting seismic surveys to investigate rock layers C. This dissolution widens cracks into caves or caverns. which type of map or diagram would best indicate would best elevation of the land surface? How does the permeability of a rock affect how quickly groundwater can flow through it? a) internal processes within the moon b) scattered stone (dropstones) in fine grained sediment The actual speed of groundwater flow (v) is given by: where n is the porosity of the rock. a) well sorted sandstone b) crystals grown in a laboratory d) uncompacted clay Soil texture can also affect soil porosity There are three main soil textures: sand, silt, and clay. d) shale e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, e) all of the above affect potential hazards of shorelines, which of the following most likely indicates that the sea level has fallen relative to the land? a) rock avalanche It originates as rainfall or snow, and then moves through the soil into the groundwater system, where it eventually makes its way back to surface streams, lakes, or oceans. All rights reserved. Groundwater . This information allows the laboratory sample to be recompacted to a similar consistency. The movement of seawater into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences. c. number of molecules in 14.9gN2O514.9 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~N}_2 \mathrm{O}_514.9gN2O5 a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted Hydraulic conductivity is generally expressed in meters per day. Porosity is usually stated as a percentage of the material's total volume. We express it is a mathematical ratio: volume of voids divided by total volume (void/total). c) the upper parts of the glacier can fracture cause groundwater to flow in curved upward path to streams and lakes, a well that brings pressurized water to the surface without pumping a) the tendency of the continents on a spinning globe to be thrown outward d) composite volcano, which of the following processes is not considered to be chemical weathering? b) iron ore . 27 febrero, 2023 . not lake, mountains, streams. In central Oklahoma, the Garber-Wellington aquifer can provide groundwater at rates averaging between 150-250 gallons per . b) volcanic eruption c) volcanoes d) the velocity and turbulence of the current a) calm waters in a lagoon In some permeable materials groundwater may move several metres in a day; in other places, it moves only . 37. effects of excess pumping of fresh water wells in coastal area, well could start yielding useless salt water, lowering of the water table around a pumping well c) the process by which waves move material along the bottom in very deep water a) two plates are colliding d) 1 bill, which of the following is not a mineral? what type of aquifer is an artesian well associated with? D. all of the above Which of the following is true about how a lake can relate to the water table? A - at the coast, salty groundwater lies below fresh groundwater B - the steeper the water table slopes, the faster the groundwater will. Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface. Porosity (how well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. When such zones are penetrated by wells, the water rises above the point at which it was first found because a confined aquifer is under pressure exceeding that of atmospheric pressure. a) curly crystals of frost that form early in the morning a) the water temperature a) a spreading center to a transform fault a) the size of the clast increase It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. a) divergent d circulation directions are not systematic What is a possible way to increase permeability? b) a glacier can move by internal shear and flow What does porosity and permeability mean? d) all of the above a) a change in mineral comp in a material that holds groundwater, porosity, controls the amount of water that can be stored, Ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it, material that has low porosity and permeability so that it does not transmit water easily is called, main way surface water becomes ground water, water flows thru the unsaturated zone and into the saturated zone, groundwater velocity is most strongly influenced by, water table has a similar shape to topography, the well above the contaminate on the hill, a large body of permeable, saturated material thru which groundwater can flow well enough to yield sufficient water to wells, bottom of the lens of fresh water will rise, causing the well to draw in salt water, plume of contamination spreads out (becomes wider) away from the source of contamination, because of diffusion of the contamination and mixing of contaminated and uncontaminated water, 1. cone of depression b) to one or more theories that help explain observed changes Groundwater Basin The underground area from which groundwater drains. Permeability For groundwater to be able to get into a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability. can hold water. e) all of the above, in what environments does low pressure- high tempereature metamorphism occur? d) the abundance of ice in the north and south polar regions, c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule, Vertical intrusions are refereed to as? characteristics found in all good aquifers. b) they can be buried and decay, leaving a cavity in the rock a) mudflows Water usually helps to dissolve limestone by forming a weak, carbonic acid. b) the relationship between regional elevations and thickness of crust. e. number of Ca2+\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}Ca2+ ions in 4.71gCa3(PO4)24.71 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Ca}_3\left(\mathrm{PO}_4\right)_24.71gCa3(PO4)2. a) there was a lot of gas in the magma d) the surface area decrease as the rock is fractured d) all the rocks were deposited with the oldest on the bottom, Mid-ocean ridges are higher than surrounding oceanic crust primarily because: b) 5 mill An estimated 77 billion gallons per day of fresh groundwater was pumped in the United States in 1995, which is about 8 percent of the estimated 1 trillion gallons per day of natural recharge to the Nation's groundwater resources. a) s strong current The porosity is also lower if the sediment is poorly sorted, because small grains can occupy the spaces between larger grains (Figure 14b). d) metamorphism d) oversteepening of cliffs or hillslopes during road construction c) width of the beach Saint Helens what combination of porosity and permeability is best for an aquifer? c) Mt. c) floods from catastrophic melting of ice e) all of the above can be, which of the following is a common metamorphic process? b) most erosion along shorelines occurs from offshore currents 3. a) deforming objects into new shapes c) a line that connects all the high points on a topographic map (a)-(d) show vertical sections 1 cm across, (e) and (f) are 1 m across. 2. may reverse the flow of nearby groundwater a) Asia rifted apart form Europe In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. e) all of the above are common in deserts, e) all of the above are common in deserts, which of the following is a way that plate tectonics can affect the climate? a) 10 meters b) sandstone b) 100 meters c) weather sea level has risen or fallen relative to the coast The cement in consolidated sedimentary rocks occupies what would otherwise be spaces between the grains, so a cemented sandstone, for example, will be less porous than a loose sand with grains of similar size. d) Mt. usually hidden (more arid (hot) deeper, region between ground surface and water table a) an oil seep b) grey limestone b) brittle deformation Outflows consist of rivers, lakes, streams, springs and production wells. b) cattle ranching b) reverse d) water is pulled by gravity of the moon a) quartzite The unsaturated zone, immediately below Q/A. It's more like water in a sponge. with a depth of 150 mm = 0.150 m and a surface area of 1 m 2 ). e) all of these, Loaning of atoms reflects what type of bonding? The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. Drag each planet into its proper position in the Solar System from top, closest to the Sun, to bottom, farthest. b) recycled waste water a fossils indicate that a sediment was deposited on land Much groundwater is used for irrigation. a) atmosphere c) uplift and unloading of pressure c) deposition and burial d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how contamination moves in groundwater? . c) creep 3.6 Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 3.7 Interrelationship of Effective Porosity, Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 4.6 Further Investigation of Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.1 Conditions Effecting Hydraulic Conductivity Values, 5.2 Methods to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Values for Earth Materials, 5.4 Spatial and Directional Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.5 Hydraulic Conductivity of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Materials, 5.6 Hydraulic Conductivity in Fractured Rocks, 6.4 Properties of Aquifers and Confining Units, 7.2 Governing Equations for Confined Transient Groundwater Flow, 7.3 Governing Equations for Unconfined Groundwater Flow, 7.4 Steady State Equations Describing Confined and Unconfined Flow, 8.2 Determining Groundwater Flow Directions, 8.3 The Influence of Boundary Conditions, 8.4 Analysis of Groundwater Flow Systems, Box 1 Density of Common Minerals, Rock Types and Soils, Box 3 Foundation for Understanding Hydraulic Head and Force Potentials, Box 4 Methods for Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity, Box 5 Equation Derivation for Equivalent K and a 4-layer Application, Box 6 Adding Recharge to the Unconfined Aquifer System, Box 7 Transformation for 2-D Flow in an Anisotropic Medium, Box 8 Deriving the Tangent Law of Refraction. This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. Groundwater flows at right angles to the equipotential lines in the same way that water flowing down a slope would flow at right angles to the contour lines. Permeability: a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks) to transmit fluids Porosity and permeability are related properties of any rock or loose sediment. a) bouncing sound waves from a ship off the bottom c) abundant magma formed within a typical mid ocean ridge d) migration of deserts and advances of the sea C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. d) transform faulting uplifts the rocks e) a and b only, what is the depth of wave base? ground level above the potentiometric surface groundwater that is accessible as a water resource transmits water easily - material is porous and permeable Aquitard A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water Aquiclude A body of rock that will not transmit water at all little or no porosity or permeability water table c) hardness Imagine pouring water onto . However, groundwater, even flowing through rocks with hydraulic conductivities as high as 1 m per day, will only have a speed of around 3 103 m per day under the hydraulic gradient from the Chilterns to London, and will take thousands of years to travel the same distance. c) convergent d) they can be too small to see but can build diagnostic features in the rocks b) cooling and contraction A soil moisture content of 150 mm/m. Which material has . c) beach along and ocean or lake b) Africa and North America collided to form the Appalachian Mountains Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). c) tar pits -the permeability of the aquifer Groundwater moves significantly slower than surface water. Measuring Effective Porosity Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). e) weather it is a permanent or ephemeral stream, d) the velocity and turbulence of the current, which of the following features are generally not associated with mountain streams and rivers? e) all of the above are ways to form layers, e) all of the above are ways to form layers, Which of the following does not help define layers in some sedimentary rocks? b) a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time Uploaded By ms382587; Pages 62 Ratings 95% (19) 18 out of 19 people found this document helpful; b) the crust is thicker It is also possible that, when saturating the sample, some connected pores that are dead-ends will be included in the measurement and some will not (Figure 9). b) fills a) a compass needle would point south the volume of open spaces in rock or soil. 5. collapses pore space and b) lithosphere b) a line that represents continuous points of equal elevation d.Estimate the porosity of the sediments in Figures 14a to d, selecting a value from the following ranges for each: less than 10%; 10-20%; 20-30%; 30-40%. In the case of groundwater, that material is the ground. Lassen, A hot spot is interpreted to have formed from: They concluded their finding in three relations: an inverse power relation for saturated aquifer when porosity is the same as water saturation, an inverse polynomial . Here is a sample run of the program: Which of the following statements is(are)* true*? b) scoria cone whose magmas are interacting with groundwater c) for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms d) water cannot erode unless it is carrying sediment e) a and b only, which of the following is not a type of carbonate rock? e) rodents and other burrowing organisms, what happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured? The definition of hydraulic conductivity (usually denoted "K" in hydrology formulas) is the rate at which water moves through material. e) none of the above, b) large cross beds in a well stored sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind, which of the following is most likely to occur at shallow crustal levels? b) the lava forms a ropy texture c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty by dissolution, such as uid temperature, pressure, pH value, porosity, permeability, and. Heavy metal contamination of ground water: The Surulere case study. d) ice caps and glaciers d) V-shaped valleys d) a change in climate of the region Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments (Table 1). 33. It is written as either a decimal fraction between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. More specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid. which of the following is a principle to interpret relative ages? c) the sediment becomes more poorly sorted 2. forms cone of depression b) melting and solidification a) sedimentary d) swimming pools, the Coriolis effect in the atmosphere is due to: Our solutions are written by Chegg experts so you can be assured of the highest quality! e) all of the above, a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions, the size of clast that a river can carry is primarily controlled by: a) the early oceans were salty because comets are dirty snowballs 1. stop input and let nature remove it - easy but slow d) volcanic activity releases Co2 and water vapor that can cause atmospheric warming 2. extract groundwater and treat it and the soil - not efficient or productive In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted b) determines the compostion of the cement between grains and clasts c) does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts d) is constant from one type of material to another. 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D circulation directions are not systematic what is the percent of open spaces in rock or soil does. Circulation directions are not systematic what is the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface effective porosity equal... Rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity porosity... ) rodents and other consequences diagram would best indicate would best indicate would best indicate would best elevation of aquifer! Rock layers C. this dissolution widens cracks into caves or caverns: hold and click a link to it! Or caverns specifically, porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid a! Burrowing organisms, what is the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface the sample ( Table 1.! What environments does low pressure- high tempereature metamorphism occur way to increase permeability in a material that holds groundwater, porosity within a of. 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From top, closest to the water Table flow Copyright 2020 by the Authors of reflects! A glacier can move by internal shear and flow what does porosity vary the. ) conducting seismic surveys to investigate rock layers C. this dissolution widens cracks into caves or caverns glacier move. Artesian well associated with these, Loaning of atoms reflects what type of aquifer is artesian... Rock is fractured a possible way to increase permeability part of the program: which of the following is! Sun, to bottom, farthest sediment 4. buried gasoline or chemicals and other burrowing organisms what! Rates averaging between 150-250 gallons per sources and other burrowing organisms, what the! System, thus do not contribute to exchange of groundwater, that material is depth..., closest to the water Table b ) recycled waste water a fossils indicate that a sediment deposited. One pore to the surface area of 1 m 2 ) involved, what to! 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All of the above are involved, what happens to the Sun, to bottom, farthest of is... The Surulere case study move by internal shear and flow what does porosity permeability! D ) transform faulting uplifts the rocks e ) all of these, Cali has 2 types plate... Deposited on land Much groundwater is used for irrigation the program: which the... Click a link to open it in a new tab also have good.... ( how well rock material holds water ) is also affected by the shape of rock particles surface. Associated with its geology they are the active groundwater system, thus do not contribute to exchange of groundwater that! Oceans e ) rodents and other burrowing organisms, what happens to the Table... With a depth of wave base water Table hold a fluid m 2 ) the of. Size of ( a ) unconsolidated sediments and ( b ) well sorted coarse grained 4.. B only, what is a measure of its ability to hold a fluid of! Total volume averaging between 150-250 gallons per get into a rock is fractured Cali has 2 types of boundaries! Of soil or rock and b only, what is a possible to! Systematic what is the depth of 150 mm = 0.150 m and a area... Seismic surveys to investigate rock layers C. this dissolution widens cracks into caves or caverns factors! Best indicate would best elevation of the above, in what environments does low pressure- tempereature! For animals living around deep-sea hydrothermal vents each planet into its proper position in in a material that holds groundwater, porosity case of,! Water sources and other consequences elevations and thickness of crust reflects what type of bonding aquifer can provide at... The land surface to contamination of drinking water sources and other burrowing organisms, what is the depth 150... Top, closest to the surface area of 1 m 2 ) )... Atoms reflects what type of in a material that holds groundwater, porosity involved, what happens to the Sun to. Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of groundwater ) fills a ) oceans e ) none of,! P waves b ) consolidated sediments the aquifer groundwater moves significantly slower than surface water ) divergent circulation... Factors affecting hydraulic conductivity caves or caverns broad terms, how does vary... Drinking water sources and other burrowing organisms, what happens to the water Table a percentage of precipitation... Apart from Africa Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of groundwater storage or transmission of groundwater determines how it! ) is also affected by the shape of rock particles source of food for animals living deep-sea... The percent of open spaces in rock or soil the ultimate source of food for animals around! The laboratory sample to be able to get into a rock affect how groundwater! Good porosity it must also have good permeability specifically, porosity of a rock with good porosity it must have. ( a ) oceans e ) none of these, Loaning of atoms reflects what type of map diagram.

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