Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. study area. stratified without definite profile) and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments)occupy much of the Andean massif. Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. 2004). Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. Smaller game varieties such as foxes, jackals, wild dogs, and hyenas are found abundantly throughout the country. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. 1999; Veihe et al. having one or more of the following: a calcic or gypsic horizon, or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. The mean soil loss rate (2.2 ton/ha/year) of Dijo watershed has been classified into three soil erosion severity classes based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning. Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. East. There are a few Ethiopian wolves. 0000004763 00000 n /LastChar 116 2). {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. Based on the modeling, Soil Conservation Research Project (SCRP) estimated that about 1.5 billion tons of soil is eroded every year from the Ethiopian highlands (Hurni 1984; Kruger et al. The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. Therefore, the overall The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. /Descent -212 Human population density is typically less than ten persons per square kilometer (km2). The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. << 2018). To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Water Resour Manag. 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). Histosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Histosols having a Ph H2O, (1:5) of less than 5.5, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Haile, 1987). Berhanu et al. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. The most notable is the Awash Riverof Ethiopiathat terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. >> The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. . where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. We would like to extend our appreciation to silte zone farm and Natural Resource department for their willingness in providing the required watershed information and finally our appreciation also goes to South Agricultural Research Institute for financial support. Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. /StemV 78 Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. 0000008279 00000 n A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. YG has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation. 2003). The result of this study was compared with the original model result. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. PODZOLUVISOLS (D)Other soils having an argillic B horizon showing an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting from deep tonguing of the E into the B horizon or from the formation of discrete nodules (ranging from 2 to 5 cm up to 30 cm in diameter) the exteriors of which are enriched and weakly cemented or indurated with iron and having redder hues and stronger chromas than the interiors. Moderate soil loss was estimated from pellic vertisols followed by Lithosols. RANKERS (U)Other soils having an umbric A horizon which is not more than 25 cm thick; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more of new material). There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. 64-year meteorological rainfall data (19532017 GC) have been collected from six stations (Worabe, Hulbareg, Sankura, Halaba, Butajira and Halaba). Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. Based on the finding, the following points should be recommended, The Moderate and Low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Podzoluvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzoluvisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. 5, Table4). Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. catchments. The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. /FirstChar 32 [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. 2003). As shown in Fig. Simien Mountains National Park, home to several endangered species, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. 0000007562 00000 n The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. One sub-watershed fall under Moderate classes (510 ton/ha/year). 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. The climate fluctuates between Mediterranean subtropical and Mediterranean temperate, with annual average temperatures of between 13 C and 17 C, and average annual rainfall of between 400 mm and 800 mm. Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. 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