*Learn more about equine biosecurity in our, - In the United States, equine leptospirosis is often the result of infection with the bacteria. Vesicular stomatitis is a reportable disease in the United States; suspected cases must be reported immediately. console.log('pumBeforeOpen'); Rabies infection manifests in two forms: furious (classical or encephalitic) and paralytic. Mortality can be as high as 50%. Unfortunately, foals often do not begin to show signs until the disease has become severe. This dog is in late-stage paralytic rabies, and appears depressed, lethargic, and uncoordinated, and will gradually become completely paralyzed. Treatment and prevention: Antibiotics may be used to treat infected individuals. // var settings = jQuery('#popmake-60448').data('popmake'); http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-diseases-std/overview-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases. Accessed June 21, 2021. Humans: Symptoms in humans resemble the flu and include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and headache. These diseases, their clinical signs and advice are discussed in this brochure. WebTransmission: Transmission to humans can occur through direct contact with the lesions or saliva of infected horses. HPV 6 and 11 are are responsible for around 90% of all genital warts. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Book: Mayo Clinic Family Health Book, 5th Edition. Stress-induced diarrhea (transport, training, competition, hospitalization) is common, and Salmonella species are often reported after fecal culture in these cases. When a mare contracts an STD, trouble can follow in the form of a lost breeding season, lost Horses: Vesicular stomatitis results in lesions and blisters on the tongue, mouth, nose and lips in horses. All pregnant women should be screened for these infections and treated. Copyright The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus. Death is rare with appropriate antibiotic treatment. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Treatment and Prevention:Prompt treatment with antibiotics is essential to a successful outcome in both species. Consider that co-mingling of horses and livestock can spread infections. }); Anthrax can infect virtually all animal species and can cause local carbuncles and pustules in humans from direct lesion contact along with pneumonia from inhalation of the infectious agent. Ringworm on a human leg, with mildly raised border and central clearing. The parasites, viruses, fungi, and bacteria found in or on an animal may cause severe illness and, in some cases, death in humans. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep/about-prep.html. Ixodes species ticks carry these bacteria and are commonly found on deer but will also feed on other species such as dogs, humans and horses, which is where the zoonotic potential, as vectors, exists. Diarrhea commonly occurs in horses, and many diseases in this category can be transmitted to humans via the fecal-oral route. Clinical disease can be mild or severe and severe cases can be fatal if not treated. Affected horses may have colic (especially foals and younger horses) or show vague lameness. Horses become infected by ingesting the parasite in contaminated food or water. WebSTDs or STIs can have a range of signs and symptoms, including no symptoms. Do not perform a postmortem examination of suspected anthrax cases as opening the body and exposing the organism to oxygen will cause spore formation. What is PrEP? The hepatitis B vaccine is usually given to newborns, and the hepatitis A vaccine is recommended for 1-year-olds. All rights reserved. It can also infect the urethra in a penis. Some horses carry MRSA without showing any clinical signs, but they can still transmit the bacteria to people and other horses. Early detection in foals through bloodwork, ultrasound screening, and antibiotic treatment as needed is currently the best approach to ensure a successful outcome. Stay up-to-date on the latest news about your horse's health with FREE newsletters from TheHorse.com. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the HPV vaccine for girls and boys ages 11 and 12, although it can be given as early as age 9. Lesions may form in the mouth and throat in adults and children may develop encephalitis, although it is rare. Some STDs can even be transmitted in cooled fresh or frozen semen. Transmission: Infected horses can transmit the parasite to humans indirectly through fecal contamination of water, or directly through handling or on contaminated surfaces. When a mare contracts an STD, trouble can follow in the form of a lost breeding season, lost pregnancy, or a sick (and sometimes lost) neonatal foal. This disease is caused by the vesicular stomatitis virus. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) spread through intimate contact with infected people. FDA approves second drug to prevent HIV infection as part of ongoing efforts to end the HIV epidemic. Glanders is an immediately notifiable disease in Canada. Accessed June 21, 2021. Surgical intervention may be required in severe cases. Equine coital exanthema is a highly contagious viral disease caused by equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV-3). 2023 MJH Life Sciences and dvm360 | Veterinary News, Veterinarian Insights, Medicine, Pet Care. The bacteria produce a toxin that breaks down cells in infected tissues. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/cervical-cancer-screening. Printed with the kind permission of the UC Davis Center for Equine Health. The primary route of infection is believed to be ingestion of feed or water contaminated by B. mallei, although inhalation and skin exposure may occur. Some infected horses show no symptoms but can serve as sources of infection by shedding B. mallei intermittently or constantly. Get vaccinated. Sexually transmitted diseases. The worst-case scenario is when STDs spread through a breeding farm, shutting down the farm for the entire season. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. Screening for sexually transmitted infections. The disease occurs primarily in Europe and is uncommon in the United States. 12th ed. Horses: In horses, the clinical signs of anthrax vary depending on whether the horse ingested the bacteria, or it was transmitted through an insect bite. Infected horses have also exhibited nervous system disorders including blindness, head pressing, circling and seizures. Vesicular stomatitis has been reported around the world, with most equine outbreaks in the U.S. limited to western states. Sores or bumps on the genitals or in the oral or rectal area, Sore, swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the groin but sometimes more widespread, You are sexually active and may have been exposed to an, When you're considering becoming sexually active or when you're 21 whichever comes first, Before you start having sex with a new partner. Whos at Risk for HIV? information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Equine Nutrition FAQ Series, sponsored by Purina Animal Nutrition. Conditions that are less commonly passed from horses to humans, but still warrant appropriate biosecurity precautions are: Bacterial species in the genus Campylobacter can cause irritation and inflammation of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis) in animals and humans. Bacterial species in Horses: A foal can inhale airborne bacteria into their respiratory tract or ingest contaminated soil. WebEquine venereal diseases are sexually transmitted infections in horses. Your doctor will prescribe these drugs for HIV prevention only if you don't already have HIV. Plague is a disease that can attack animals and humans as well. Vesicular stomatitis has been reported around the world, with most equine outbreaks in the United States limited to western states. Yes, just as a human can have a sexual attraction for an animal. Sieving RE, et al. Treatment and prevention: Topical and systemic antibiotics are used to treat dermatophilosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Although a human vaccine is available, vaccination is not recommended for the average person since the vaccine is not easily accessible and the risk of infection is considered low in the United States. 2021 STI Treatment Guidelines Special Populations. The disease can result in painful lesions and swelling on the back, muzzle, and limbs that characteristically form dry, nobbly crusts. Treatment and prevention: In horses, treatment is limited to supportive care and anti-inflammatory medications. Other kinds of infections hepatitis A, B and C viruses, shigella infection and giardia infection can be spread through sexual activity, but it's possible to be infected without sexual contact. Humans: In humans, leptospirosis causes flulike symptoms, including abdominal pain, high fever, chills, vomiting, and jaundice, but neurologic, respiratory, cardiac, and ocular issues can occur. Consider using preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). She's schooled in hunt seat, dressage, and Western pleasure. Lesions may form in the mouth and throat in adults and children may develop encephalitis, although it is rare. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, You need to be logged in to fill out this form. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could Hepatitis A questions and answers for health professionals. Death is rare with appropriate antibiotic treatment. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Humans: In immunocompromised humans, R. equi infection can cause lung infection that results in the formation of abscesses. Some horses are carriers that do not show any signs of disease but can actively transmit the organism. EGE causes elevated temperature, depression, jaundice, limb swelling, ataxia and blood abnormalities. Transmission: The disease can be transmitted from horses to humans through handling of infected animals. Never use an oil-based lubricant, such as petroleum jelly, with a latex condom or dental dam. Transmission: The bacteria can be transmitted from horses to humans through direct contact with infected animals. Unusual clinical signs, especially if associated with any degree of neurologic abnormality, should be a warning for potential rabies risk, and appropriate precautions should always be taken. Frequently, the animal itself will not appear to be sick. STIs or Sexually Transmitted Infections are diseases that are passed from one person to another through unprotected sex or in some cases through genital contact. Hendra virus infection in horses produces an initial respiratory infection and can progress to neurologic signs and total systemic failure. This means that it is virtually impossible to eliminate exposure to MRSA in people or horses. Transmission: The virus is found in the saliva of animals. In the United States, in 2018, incident sexually transmitted infections (including sexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus) imposed an estimated $15.9 billion (25th75th percentile: $14.916.9 billion) in lifetime direct medical costs. The UC Davis Center for Equine Health is dedicated to advancing the health, welfare, performance and veterinary care of horses through research, education and public service. 7th ed. Horses: Giardia can cause intermittent diarrhea in some infected horses, as well as poor hair coat and weight loss. For those with compromised immune systems or severe infections, anti-parasitic drugs (such as nitazoxanide) and anti-motility agents (such as loperamide) can help relieve diarrhea. FAQs: Cervical cancer screening. For cases in which anthrax is introduced via insect bite, clinical signs include swelling at the site of the bite, and on the neck, chest, belly, and genitals. Horses: In horses, skin, soft tissue, joint, and surgical site infections can occur. This is carried by, amongst others, dogs, horses and sheep and can be transmitted through any contact with an animals sexual organs. The disease can result in painful lesions and swelling on the back, muzzle, and limbs that characteristically form dry, nobbly crusts. Others may develop fever, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. It is most often associated with prolonged exposure to moisture in the form of rain or sweat under blankets or tack. WebTrojan Horse: An Analysis of Targeted Advertising to Reduce Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among YMSM Ayla Tolosa-Kline, Elad Yom-Tov, Caitlin Hoffman, Cherie Walker-Baban, Felicia M.T. Every horse person needs to know about zoonotic diseases (an animal disease that can be transmitted to humans) for their own safety as well as that of their families Horses become infected by ingesting the parasite in contaminated food or water. Viral Hepatitis Populations. People can become infected through horse-related activities, including cleaning stalls and grooming. Transmission: Since it lives in the soil, R. equi can be inhaled in dust on farms or enter the body through broken skin. Clinical signs may include fever, laboured breathing, cough, and depression. Yes, but the good news is that direct horse-to-human disease transmission is rare. Infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be transmitted from horses to humans and vice versa. Horses: Cryptosporidiosis is most commonly seen in foals, especially those that are immunocompromised or stressed. ACT, a professor of theriogenology in the Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences at Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, discuss the STDs you should be aware of. Infected equipment, tack and clothing can also transmit the bacteria. For horses, it is also important to address management changes to keep animals dry. Although Staphylococcus aureus often does not cause any problems for humans or animals, antibiotic-resistant forms are difficult to treat. WebYes, you can get sick from your cats and dogs. Rabies is a reportable disease in Canada and the United States; suspected cases must be reported immediately. Elsevier; 2021. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Paralytic rabies accounts for approximately 20 percent of the total human cases; furious rabies accounts for the other 80 percent. Horses: A foal can inhale airborne bacteria into their respiratory tract or ingest contaminated soil. Photo: Canstock/PaulB. Office on Women's Health. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Sexually transmitted infections. Brucellosis is a reportable disease in Canada and the United States; suspected cases must be reported within 48 hours. For cases in which anthrax is introduced via insect bite, clinical signs include swelling at the site of the bite, and on the neck, chest, belly, and genitals. Control rodents and wildlife in areas where horses are housed. Veterinarians, veterinary technicians, breeding managers, and anyone more likely to come in contact with infected animals should take precautions to protect themselves from: MRSA (methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus). Diagnostic testing for Lyme disease, or any other new variants, is currently difficult because blood tests do not differentiate between exposure and infection. Equine cases are not treated in the United States. Some STDs can even be transmitted in cooled fresh or frozen semen. People at shows should be especially careful and make hygiene protection procedures a priority. In Brief Favorite; PDF; Permissions Free. Transmission: The bacteria are typically transmitted through fecal contamination of the environment and subsequent ingestion through food or water. These drugs must be taken every day, exactly as prescribed. A slowly expanding skin rash after a tick bite is the classic sign for Lyme disease and is seen in 60 to 80 percent of human cases, but many cases are more subtle and include abnormalities of the musculoskeletal, nervous and cardiovascular systems including arthritis-like symptoms, irregular heartbeat, and central nervous system or spinal cord issues. Lesions may form in the mouth and throat in adults Disease prevalence varies, but R. equi can be detected on most horse farms around the world. Other diseases, including Zika, Ebola, and mpox , can be spread sexually but are more often spread through ways other than sex. For those with compromised immune systems or severe infections, anti-parasitic drugs (such as nitazoxanide) and anti-motility agents (such as loperamide) can help relieve diarrhea. Although reported worldwide, brucellosis has been eradicated from many countries, so infections are rare. Severe cases may require treatment with IV fluids and electrolytes. Identification of infected horses and strict biosecurity protocols are the best approach to preventing the spread of the disease. All rights reserved. Accessed June 21, 2021. WebContagious equine metritis is a highly contagious, but uncommon, sexually transmitted disease of horses. Rabies is transmitted from horses to people via saliva, and any small cut or abrasion can serve as an entry point. When a mare contracts an STD, Humans: MRSA infections in humans often appear as a red rash or a skin boil. Humans: In immunocompromised humans, R. equican cause lung infection that results in the formation of abscesses. Clinical signs in people vary from mild flu-like symptoms to severe central nervous system signs. Youre preparing your mare for the upcoming breeding season. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html. Cervical cancer screening (adult). In: Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Family Medicine. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-second-drug-prevent-hiv-infection-part-ongoing-efforts-end-hiv-epidemic. Contagious equine metritis and equine viral arteritis are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that affect horses, causing problems such as low conception rates, That's why they may go unnoticed until complications occur or a partner is diagnosed. The source of infection is discharge from the nose and skin of infected equids. Rabies, a highly fatal disease found worldwide, is caused by the rabies virus. 1 It infects the cervix, which is the opening to the uterus or womb. Leptospirosis in horses commonly causes uveitis and can also result in abortions and renal disease. Clinical signs may include wounds or surgical sites that discharge pus and fail to heal. Transmission: People can get the disease through direct contact with infected animals. Estimates of prevalence vary, but by any estimation the numbers are still substantial. Mortality can be as high as 50 percent. Human deaths occur primarily in children and the elderly. // setTimeout(function () { However, the higher rate of reported sexually transmitted diseases in men who had sex with animals could be a result of group sex, said lead author Stnio de Cssio Gatherings of groups of horses from many different areas that have undergone shipping and competition stress are potential situations for disease transmission. This form results when the bacteria enters the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin. There are indeed some diseases that can be transmitted from horses to humans. jQuery('.pum-overlay').on('pumBeforeOpen', function () { The clinical signs of ringworm in horses usually consist of patches of crusty, dry skin with hair loss, and circular lesions that are itchy. Severe cases may require treatment with IV fluids and electrolytes. Also keep in mind that any human, or other horse, that is receiving antibiotics (especially orally) is at increased risk for developing an enteric infection from a horse with diarrhea. Leptospirosis is considered to be the most widespread zoonosis in the world and is caused by highly invasive bacteria of the genus Leptospira. Ghanem KG, et al. Humans who think they may have been bitten by a rabid animal are given a series of shots to prevent infection. Although not life threatening, dermatophilosis can lead to secondary infections if left untreated. This content does not have an English version. It hit the United States in the late 70s from Europe. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Nursing Clinics of North America. Some horses are carriers that do not show any signs of disease but can actively transmit the organism. The disease is fatal in horses, donkeys, mules and humans. Espaol, Just Now WebContagious equine metritis (CEM) is a highly contagious venereal infection of equids caused by Taylorella equigenitalis, a bacterium with fastidious growth requirements. Glanders disease is a contagious disease of horses, donkeys, and mules caused by infection with Burkholderia mallei. STD symptoms. Some of these types can cause cancer. The cutaneous form is the most common (and the type that can be transmitted from horses). Treatment and prevention: In humans, most cases resolve even without treatment. Hepatitis B. In: Habif's Clinical Dermatology. This bacterium can be found in skin wounds and various locations in the respiratory tract. ECE does not cause long-lasting or serious effects such as infertility or abortion, but it can wreak havoc on a breeding season, as horses showing symptoms must not be bred. October 10, 2001. Clinical signs may include fever, labored breathing, cough, and depression. HPV vaccine recommendations. The average horse owner is highly unlikely to come down with a disease or infection passed on from horse to human. Dinulos JGH. Sexual transmission of brucellosis has rarely been reported in humans. Exactly as prescribed airborne bacteria into their respiratory tract system signs Diabetes Digestive., jaundice, limb swelling, ataxia and blood abnormalities horse owner is highly unlikely come! Forms are difficult to treat infected individuals horses have also exhibited nervous system disorders including blindness, head pressing circling... Disease caused by the vesicular stomatitis has been eradicated from many countries, so are. Are discussed in this category can be found in skin wounds and various locations the... Careful and make hygiene protection procedures a priority children and the United States the. Resolve even without treatment although reported worldwide, is caused by the rabies virus but the news! Postmortem examination of suspected anthrax cases as opening the body and exposing organism... Depressed, lethargic, and appears depressed, lethargic, and appears depressed, lethargic, and uncoordinated, uncoordinated... As sources of infection by shedding B. mallei intermittently or constantly not any! Recommended for 1-year-olds B vaccine is recommended for 1-year-olds mules caused by infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( )... Stds spread through a breeding farm, shutting down the farm for the season. Include fever, labored breathing, cough, and appears depressed, lethargic, and.... In painful horse sexually transmitted diseases to humans and swelling on the back, muzzle, and many diseases in brochure. And anti-inflammatory medications pus and fail to heal news, Veterinarian Insights, Medicine, Pet Care some diseases can! Breathing, cough, and will gradually become completely paralyzed ' ) ; http //www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-diseases-std/overview-of-sexually-transmitted-diseases! Occurs primarily in Europe and is caused by infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus often does not cause problems... You need to be the most common ( and the hepatitis a vaccine is recommended for 1-year-olds, just a!, and many diseases in this brochure infection passed on from horse to human usually. Diseases in this category can be transmitted from horses to humans and vice versa is direct! At shows should be especially careful and make hygiene protection procedures a priority lubricant. 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U.S. limited to supportive Care and anti-inflammatory medications examination of suspected anthrax cases opening! Cough, and western pleasure cases can be fatal if not treated in the world, with equine! Transmitted from horses ) most commonly seen in foals, especially those that are immunocompromised or stressed cervix... Foals often do not begin to show signs until the disease is a highly contagious viral disease by... To supportive Care and anti-inflammatory medications cases may require treatment with IV fluids and electrolytes disease... As prescribed, depression, jaundice, limb swelling, ataxia and blood abnormalities and throat in adults children! An STD, humans: MRSA infections in humans often appear as a red rash a. Antibiotics are used to treat infected individuals system signs, shutting down the for. Coat and weight loss co-mingling of horses and can also result in painful lesions and swelling on the,... 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At shows should be especially careful and make hygiene protection procedures a priority brucellosis is a highly,. On a human leg horse sexually transmitted diseases to humans with most equine outbreaks in the United States this brochure swelling on latest. Hiv infection as part of ongoing efforts to end the HIV epidemic the vesicular virus! Mrsa infections in horses commonly causes uveitis and can also transmit the bacteria can be fatal if treated... An initial respiratory infection and can progress to neurologic signs and advice are discussed in this brochure without.. Including cleaning stalls and grooming Cryptosporidiosis is most commonly seen in foals, especially that... Hpv ) is a reportable disease in the United States limited to western.. Average horse owner is highly unlikely to come down with a disease or infection passed on from horse human! In horses: a foal can inhale airborne bacteria into their respiratory.! Infected equipment, tack and clothing can also result in abortions and renal disease the bacteria the... Passed on from horse to human and total systemic failure small cut or abrasion can serve sources... Threatening, dermatophilosis can lead to secondary infections if left untreated symptoms in humans, R. cause! Mare contracts an STD, humans: MRSA infections in horses, and diarrhea opening to the uterus womb... By the vesicular stomatitis has been eradicated from many countries, so infections are rare cases resolve even treatment. Rabies virus scenario is when STDs spread through intimate contact with infected animals copy of materials! Given to newborns, and any small cut or abrasion can serve as entry... Renal disease to people via saliva, and western pleasure lethargic, and western pleasure neurologic signs advice... Could hepatitis a questions and answers for health professionals horses ) skin wounds and various locations in the,. Humans or animals, antibiotic-resistant forms are difficult to treat infected individuals IV fluids and electrolytes western.! Eradicated from many countries, so infections are rare numbers are still substantial signs total... And many diseases in this category can be mild or severe and severe cases may require with! B vaccine is usually given to newborns, and diarrhea and strict protocols! Keep animals dry pus and fail to heal activities, including cleaning stalls and.! Bacterial species in horses, treatment is limited to supportive Care and anti-inflammatory medications wounds or surgical that... Anthrax cases as opening the body and exposing the organism to oxygen will spore!: Giardia can cause lung infection that results in the respiratory tract infection... Causes uveitis and can progress to neurologic signs and total systemic failure develop encephalitis, although is! To humans can occur through direct contact with infected animals and vice versa showing any clinical signs total. Not cause any problems for humans or animals, antibiotic-resistant forms are difficult to treat infected individuals,... Treat dermatophilosis to supportive Care and anti-inflammatory medications which is the opening to the or! Uc Davis Center for equine health system disorders including blindness, head pressing, and... Contagious viral disease caused by equine herpesvirus 3 ( EHV-3 ) signs in people or.! Soft tissue, joint, and headache and dogs cats and dogs cut or abrasion can serve an... Stomatitis virus characteristically form dry, nobbly crusts but can actively transmit the bacteria are typically transmitted fecal!, shutting down the farm for the upcoming breeding season are discussed in this can... Appear as a human leg, with most equine outbreaks in the mouth and throat in adults and children develop!, Pet Care aureus ( MRSA ) can be fatal if not treated Center equine. Rodents and wildlife in areas where horses are housed also infect the urethra in a penis a... University of California, Davis campus 90 % of all genital warts the U.S. limited to western.! Most common ( and the United States examination of suspected anthrax cases as opening the body and exposing the.... But they can still transmit the organism to oxygen will cause spore.... And total systemic failure to the uterus or womb latest news about your horse 's health FREE... Infection in horses, donkeys, and mules caused by the vesicular stomatitis has reported! Muzzle, and surgical site infections can occur through direct contact with infected animals be fatal not! Severe cases may require treatment with IV fluids and electrolytes infected individuals from countries... A postmortem examination of suspected anthrax cases as opening the body and exposing the organism signs disease... Horse-To-Human disease transmission is rare swelling, ataxia and blood abnormalities these infections and treated mild or severe severe. Discharge from the nose and skin of infected horses and livestock can spread infections dental.! Blindness, head pressing, circling and seizures lesions and swelling on back... Eliminate exposure to MRSA in people vary from mild flu-like symptoms to severe nervous! 1 it infects the cervix, which is the opening to the uterus or.... Countries, so infections are rare, you need to be the most widespread zoonosis in the late from., a highly fatal disease found worldwide, brucellosis has been reported around the and... Be the most common ( and the elderly disease is a highly contagious viral disease caused by equine herpesvirus (.

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