But during much of the conquest, Cortss letters could be interpreted as an attempt to justify his deliberate failure to obey Diego Velzquez de Cellar, the Spanish governor in Cuba, the sponsor of his expedition. Edited and Trans. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991. "Spanish and Nahuatl Views on Smallpox and Demographic Catastrophe in the Conquest of Mexico." The published first letter was, in fact, not Cortss original letter, but one revised by a committee with the deliberate intention of positively influencing Charles V. The Spanish conquistador Bernal Daz del Castillo wrote his version of what he had witnessed during the conquest, The True History of the Conquest of New Spain, decades after the Spanish victory in 1521. Corrections? Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! While this source mentions a portrait and claims that it might have hung alongside of one of Corts in his house, the editor of the volume I used provides evidence that de la Cortinas biography of Cifuentes is fiction. [See Torres]. Others, especially in the south and what is now Central America, spoke various dialects of Mayan. The Mexican historian Miguel Len-Portilla, author of The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico, believes that a rare French Bibliothque National manuscript--variously described as Manuscript 22, Unos anales historicos de la nacion mexicana, or the Tlatelolco Codex--was written in Nahuatl by a group of anonymous natives of Tlatelolco in 1528, just seven years after the conquest. This History primary resource introduces children to Aztec civilization. Seler, Eduard, ed. Get uplifting news, exclusive offers, inspiring stories and activities to help you and your family The Spaniards attacked the musicians first, slashing at their hands and faces until they had killed all of them. Artworks for Elementary Teachers: Developing Artistic and Perceptual Awareness. By far, the most important is the Florentine Codex. It reveals the importance of maize to the Aztecs. In short, many local languages were spoken in New Spain, but Nahuatl might have been the most common given the Mexicas previous colonization of the region. Seville: Sebastian Trugillo, 1552. Lockhart, James. Extremely useful in understanding how to read the Nahuass manuscripts. [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~mccaa/vircatas/virtab3.htm (6-14-2000)]. [My translation]. Youre leaving natgeokids.com to visit another website! Ancient World; Middle Ages, 476-1450. Gruzinski, Serge. This codex, Thirteen Cities Paying Tribute to Aztecs, was recreated in 1830 by Agostino Aglio. Learn how the Maya excelled at architecture, agriculture, written language and mathematics, Learn about how the Aztecs excelled at farming and agriculture, and what made them such good warriors, Join us on a journey to South America to uncover the mysteries of these ancient drawings, Discover the secrets of this incredible Incan city, Practise designing Inca-style carvings inspired by the Ancient Inca Empire of South America. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. "Table 3: Population Figures (millions) and Implied Rates of Decline (per cent) in the Indian Population of Mexico from 1519 to 1595.". Primary Sources . The conquest of Mexico is clearly one of the pivotal events in world history. PDF. Appendix A: Survey Development and Methodology, Appendix B: Survey Instrument and Topline Results, Directory of History Departments and Organizations, Resources for Globalizing the US History Survey, Resources for Tuning the History Discipline, The Decision to Secede and Establish the Confederacy: A Selection of Primary Sources, Plagiarism: Curricular Materials for History Instructors, Annual Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2015 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources from the 2016 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2017 Texas Conference on Introductory Courses, 2018 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2019 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2020 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2021 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, 2022 Texas Conference on Introductory History Courses, Resources for Getting Started in Digital History, Evaluation of Digital Scholarship in History, Project Roles and a Consideration of Process and Product, Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Final Report on Extending the Reach of Scholarly Society Work to HBCU Faculty, Mapping the Landscape of Secondary US History Education, Resources for Students and Early Career Professionals, Resources for Job Candidates and Search Committees. This description is based primarily on written documents from the 16th century but also includes some archaeological data. Clendennen, Inga. 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They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Search millions of free academic articles, chapters, and theses. 1279 Words6 Pages. An excellent Web site put together by Thomas H. Frederiksen. It often only provides one or two pages, but it is often enough to find quotes and bibliographical details. "Rethinking Malinche," In Indian Women of Early Mexico, edited by Susan Schroeder, Stephanie Wood, and Robert Haskett. The Despatches of Hernando Cortes, the Conqueror of Mexico, Addressed to the Emperor Charles V, Written during the Conquest, and Containing a Narrative of Its Events. Lpez de Gmara, Francisco. At the same time, if the priests understood local languages, they were better able to root out native religious heresies. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts Todorov, Tzvetan. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. The paintings are used for students to interpret their thoughts and reflect on the conquest of Mexicio by the conquistadors. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The primary documents below are resources from the time of the Aztec Civilization. Memoriales de Fray Toribio de Motolina. They also murdered the king of Nauhtla, Cohualpopocatzin, by wounding him with arrows and then burning him alive. As a consequence, much of the history of the conquest of Mexico from the perspective of the losers consists of picture-history. Relying on texts alone, in other words, distorts the Nahuas historical memory by not utilizing the particular form in which the indigenous populations of New Spain constructed it. explore and learn delivered straight to your inbox. Mexico: "Lesson5: The Aztec conquest and the Birth of a New Race.". Historia de las indias de Nueva-Espaa y isles de Tierra Firme. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998. An analysis and critique of how Cortz, Daz del Castillo, and indigenous sources constructed their narratives. A French translation of Cortss letters to Charles V, which may have been based on the Spanish edition I used. These cookies allow us to target other information on our website, like advertising, towards your interests. Written as a letter to the King of Spain, de las Casas account describes the horrors of the Spanish conquest. I disagree with his conclusions, but I incorporated some of his ideas about what questions to be asking when I put this material together. n.d. An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552. Happily, the rich Latin American resources in Southern California make it feasible to examine multiple translations and editions of the sources for verification of precise language regardless of copyright. Speeches of Motecuhzoma and Corts This volume was most useful for its Atlas and illustrations. Masters Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993. In Implicit Understandings: Observing, Reporting, and Reflecting on the Encounters between Europeans and Other Peoples in the Early Modern Era, edited by Stuart B. Schwartz. Codex Vaticanus nr. Microfilm. Moreover, we have very little sense of how their production was shaped by interaction with the Spaniards, since the fourth Mexica King Itzcoatl apparently destroyed most earlier manuscripts during his reign from 1426-1440 to preserve his vision of how he constructed the Mexica empire. The singers-and even the spectators- were also killed. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. Paris: Alphonse Lemerre, 1878. La guerre des images: de Christophe Colomb "Blade Runner": (1492-2019). McCaa, Robert. Many of the friars educating, controlling, and indoctrinating New Spain villages, thus, encouraged the natives to paint. A readily available translation of Cortss long letters to Charles V sometimes explaining his actions and in many cases describing the vast wealth and civilization he found in the Valley of Mexico, especially in Tenochtitlan. The codex richly illustrated many battles and encounters between the Spanish, the Mexicas, and other indigenous peoples. The drawings accompanying authentic manuscript reproductions often contained drawings from multiple sources, not just those included in the original manuscript itself. [See, Histoire de la nation mexicaine]. For my primary sources, I plan on using Spanish and Aztec diary letters and codices. La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth. A modernized version of the original sources documents; needs to be read with caution. Corts replied in his strange and savage tongue, speaking first to La Malinche: Tell Motecuhzoma that we are his friends. Paris: Fayard, 1990. Las Casas, Bartolom de. What Aspects of the Past Does the Public Want to Learn More About? Len-Portilla argues that the Nahuas took advantage of the Spanish acceptance of Nahuatl for a brief period of time as a golden opportunity to tell their own story. Miguel Leon Portilla, a Mexican anthropologist, gathered accounts by the Aztecs, some of which were written shortly after the conquest. Trans. This document is also known as The Codex Aubin or The Manuscript of 1576. It is largely a collection of picture-writing that probably began as a project in 1576, since it covers events from the earliest Mexica migrations until 1607. Sahagns revised version is the manuscript commonly known as the Florentine Codex. Ancient Aztecs Flipboard Magazine A collection of online articles and news reports about the Aztecs. Daz del Castillos account is, thus, at least partially an attempt to describe the conquest as a heroic battle fought by courageous soldiers against fierce warriors. : Impr. NASAs Curiosity Rover spots a mouse on Mars. If you click on the source it will take you either to the place in this bibliography, where I cited the source I used most frequently to produce the material. San Miguel de Tucumn, Argentina: T. Piossek Prebisch, 1997. This anonymous manuscript has commonly been attributed to Motolina, although it is not clear who its author was. Examines how women are portrayed in two Spanish chronicles of the conquest of the Americas. "Language and Empire: The Vision of Nebrija.". [http://www.svhe.pdx.edu/summerinstitute/projects1998/escribano/malinche.html(6-13-2000)]. She included an excellent bibliography that included two important references on how to read images that became instrumental in my thinking. The Conquest of America. Malinche's Conquest. Edited by Francisco del Paso y Troncoso. Trans. Aztec. Sacrifice was a common theme in the Aztec culture. An attempt at writing a history of Doa Marina based on good sources, but more like a haigiography of Malintzin, a remarkable indigenous woman. At the same time, priests, with their own interests, learned Nahuatl and attempted to learn the customs of the local populations they wanted to convert. An interesting essay on the interpretation of documents and the Spaniards use of language to exercise power in New Spain. Sources of Energy for Primary Students Science Nonfiction Unit. Mxico: Impr. [http://www.loyno.edu/history/journal/1995-6/rosa.htm (6-14-2000)]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Note: I have set up living footnotes in the Web Site. An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl (Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992. 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