ammonia smell in nose sinus infection

Acute sinusitis clears out by itself within a week. Brush the teeth with a fluoride-based toothpaste for 2 minutes twice daily. WebCan you smell infection in your nose? But, what if that smell is actually coming from inside of your nose instead of from the garbage, dishwasher, or fridge? The Carefree MD blog is not meant to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Sinusitis is caused by an inflammation of your sinus cavities that causes redness, swelling, mucus, and pain. In this article, well outline some of the more frequent reasons for constant unpleasant smells, how you can tell what you have, and what the recommended treatments are. You need to have your doctor check if you have sinus infection which is one of the common complications of allergies. Sign up and receive the latest blog posts & take back your health! Sometimes a steroid nasal spray, such as fluticasone (Flonase), triamcinolone, or mometasone, can help with nasal congestion symptoms without the risk of rebound symptoms from prolonged use. To learn more about what to expect after balloon sinuplasty, call our offices at 713-766-1818 or request an appointment online today. If a sinus infection affects a sinus cavity close to the brain, it can spread to the brain if left untreated. The treatment options may include:If some medication is causing this condition, you will be asked to discontinue or stop taking it.Zinc deficiency can hamper your sense of taste and smell ( 5 ). Zinc can help stimulate food intake by triggering the hypothalamus to enhance the sense of taste.Quitting smoking can help regain a sense of taste over time. The flu or cold virus attacks your sinuses causing them to swell and become narrow. The biggest culprits are: Sinusitis or sinus infection is a medical condition in which the cavities around the nasal passages become inflamed. Dont Miss: Will Minocycline Treat Sinus Infection, Also Check: How To Get Rid Of Sinus Allergies. J Okla State Med Assoc. Sometimes, the bad smell inside your nose isnt caused by bacteria. A sinus infection, medically known as sinusitis or rhinosinusitis, occurs when your nasal cavities become infected, swollen, and inflamed. But you should limit your use to no more than 3 days. Occupational and environmental exposures, the association with chronic sinusitis. Liver Diseases. Certain herbal treatments have been shown in some studies (including a 2013 study of people with acute bronchitis and a 2017 study of children with acute sinusitis) to be effective in treating both acute and chronic sinusitis. Inhalation of ammonia can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Sinus headaches are often at their worst in the morning because fluids have been collecting all night long. Homeopathic remedies may not be effective for everyone. There are two types of sinusitis: Dr. Gary Steven answered Pediatric Allergy and Asthma 32 years experience Headaches caused by sinus infections can occur where the sinuses are or in other places. Disclosure. Apart from a runny or stuffy nose, you may also experience a headache, facial pressure, and an inability to smell and taste. Sleeping upright or with your head elevated can help reduce the frequency and intensity of your coughing. Steam inhalers are used as personal saunas for skin care or for supporting respiratory health. If your breath has a strong ammonia smell, it is important that you speak with your doctor in order to get a proper diagnosis and treatment. Copyright WWW.NEWHEALTHADVISOR.ORG 2014, All rights Reserved. American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Thankfully, Treating the cause of nasal swelling will usually resolve the alteration of taste. MyTelemedicine physicians reserve the right to deny care for potential misuse of services. It can even lead to cavities. Any of these air-filled cavities can hurt when you have a sinus infection. Sinus pain usually increases when you bend forward. Although lots of people think smelling something burning is a sign of a stroke, theres no solid evidence this is true. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Part II-Ammonia. This is called. , brain tumors, and inflamed sinuses can lead to phantom smells. When you have a kidney issue, ammonia is not excreted efficiently, and thus there is a buildup of exhaled ammonia, he explains. There are many possible causes for this, some of which will resolve on their own while others are more serious. Fortunately through medical therapies and sometimes surgery most people can find relief from, Dealing with a cold or the flu? And we also recommend checking out our list of the best foods for sinus infection treatment. Can sinus infections be prevented or avoided? And the easiest way to do that is with telemedicine options, such as, Talk to a doctor about those funky smells by signing up for a, Thick Rubbery Mucus From Nose: Home Remedies, The Inside of My Nose Smells Bad: 10 Causes and Treatments, Urine Smells Like Eggs? Air Quality in Alternative Housing Systems may have an Impact on Laying Hen Welfare. By using our website, you consent to our use of cookies. A fungus could also cause your sinus infection. Many substances will seem as though they have a burning, fecal, rotten, chemical or ammonia smell in nose. Poor oral hygiene can lead to tartar buildup, cavities, and tooth decay. You could have an underlying condition that is causing your chronic infections, in which case you may need special treatment. (2016). Read this site in detail and discover how to (2013). Phantosmia due to a cold, sinus infection, or respiratory infection should go away on its own once the illness clears up. Sneezes that give off an ammonia aroma or a hint of urine should give you pause. A person can try antiperspirants to reduce the amount they sweat, and deodorants to cover up any odors. Anaerobic bacteria are notorious for foul smells. Ronshome51190 over a year ago I started yesterday with this. there are no signs of a sinus infection. This temporarily prevents smell signals traveling to the brain, although it needs to be frequently repeated. However, certain medications can cause you to stop producing sufficient saliva. These classifications depend on the length and frequency of the infection: Many sinus infection symptoms are common in both acute and chronic forms. Your doctor prescribed pills that make you nauseous, and they don't help. Other than the annoyance it may cause, it has no adverse Several things could be going on, you should see your physician for an exam and diagnosis. Although it may start as an annoying tickle, it can get worse. I have lost my sense of taste and smell about a week and a half ago. It also keeps your mouth occupied, so bacteria cant set in. Poor oral hygiene is the most common culprit behind tonsil stones. 2023 Carefree M.D. Terms and conditions, features, support, pricing, and service options subject to change without notice. In a physical exam, your doctor will look at the ears, nose, and throat to check for any blockage, swelling, and drainage. There are many types of nasal spray and drops to ease your symptoms. Severe cases may even result in asthma attacks, chronic sinusitis, and ear infections; The treatment of Airborne Irritant Induced Tomooka LT, et al. and brushing your teeth regularly can help, Its a universally accepted fact that smoking is. This discharge comes from your infected sinuses and drains into your nasal passages. In acute cases, one can also experience fever, fatigue, cough, and postnasal drip. (2018). You May Like: Heal Sinus Infection Without Antibiotics. Then a long-term game-plan should be implemented to avoid recurrences. Try our product for 60 days. Nasal congestion and a thick, dark-colored nasal discharge are also common during a sinus infection. Sudden changes are typically caused by the environment, medications, or foods that you eat. However, chronic sinusitis may require medical intervention. Tooth decay is an infection of the tooth. Sinus infection gives you a sens Reflux can cause chest pain but the smell may be due to other things. The treatment should include addressing the immediate infection with antibiotics, then identifying underlying risk factors of chronic sinusitis, such as GERD. For instance, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may cause sinus infections. Theyre a result of asthma, allergies, or frequent sinus infections. Its also possible that another condition is causing your symptoms. For some, over-the-counter medications and rest are enough treatment to do the trick. WebI have a stuffy nose with an ammonia like smell. If your infection lasts for a few weeks or more, mucus can irritate and inflame your throat as it drips, resulting in a painful sore throat and hoarse voice. Talk to a doctor about those funky smells by signing up for a Carefree MD membership today! Idaho and Delaware only allow video consultations. And it can have life-threatening consequences if left untreated. Apart from a runny or stuffy nose, you may also experience a headache, facial pressure, and an inability to smell and taste. Carefree M.D. customer service is administered by Coverdell & Company, Inc., 2850 W. Golf Road, Rolling Meadows, IL 60008, 1-888-838-4078. While the latter would be welcome, the built-up snot in your nose can create a really bad smell. These include the type of bacteria associated with a particular patients sinus infection. For some reason i can't smell anything that good been almost a year now. They eliminate surplus liquid and waste products from the blood, allowing the salt and mineral levels in the blood to remain constant, and they are involved in the regulation of blood pressure. WebShort-term sinus infections are known as acute sinusitis, and they typically last 7 to 10 days. A severe paranasal sinus infection can result in a loss of smell which will also affect your sense of taste. Sinus infection: Symptoms, causes, and treatment, entnet.org/resource/aao-hnsf-updated-cpg-adult-sinusitis-press-release-fact-sheet/, journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0194599818757697, entnet.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/adult-sinusitis-physicianresource-diagnostic-criteria-rhinosinusitis.pdf, thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0032-1331182, cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2010/highlight_sheets/pdfs/overview_respiratory.pdf, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5214559/, clinphytoscience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40816-017-0047-6, cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/ritual-ablution.html, acaai.org/allergies/allergic-conditions/sinus-infection/, cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/sinus-infection.html, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1097/00005537-200007000-00023, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, How to Cure Chronic Sinus Infections Permanently, Is Drinking a Hot Toddy Beneficial for a Cough?, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, What You Should Know About Colds in Newborn Babies, taking oral medications such as antihistamines, other related symptoms that are concerning or severe. Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. Gillissen A, et al. If, after these measures, you still experience an ammonia smell in nose, see a doctor to assess whether you have kidney or liver disease. Is Myrtol standardized a new alternative toward antibiotics? If youre considering herbal remedies, be sure to talk with a doctor about which treatment options are right for you. Chronic lung disease secondary to ammonia inhalation injury: a report on three cases. does this suggest that i may have a sinus infection? Sinusitis is usually caused by a virus and often lasts even after other upper respiratory symptoms are gone. While phantosmia sometimes resolves itself, other times you need to treat the underlying cause to get rid of the bed smell youre sensing. Having good oral hygiene can help treat several conditions that cause a bad smell in the mouth and nose. The state of Arkansas offers an initial video visit and the member may choose phone or video for subsequent visits. Highlights: Overview of findings regarding respiratory diseases. Your allergist will look for: If your sinus infection lasts longer than eight weeks, or if standard antibiotic treatment is not working, a sinus CT scan may help your allergist diagnose the problem. Arch Environ Health. Other conditions such as allergies, nasal polyps, and tooth infections can also contribute to sinus pain and symptoms. Try these 11 home remedies for your illness. Clean the tongue daily with a toothbrush or a tongue scraper. Though rare, an infection can also pass into the eye socket and cause vision changes or blindness. Alcohol is not needed in the recipe to experience these benefits. Acute sinusitis clears out by itself within a week. Your voice may also sound stuffy.. what could be causing that? A 2009 review has shown the usefulness of nasal irrigation in people with chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, and postnasal drip. When bacteria breaks down, it can release gases, which smells like sulfur. The four-smelling odor from the gases can travel through the small holes at the back of the mouth that connect to the sinuses and make their way into your nose. Food particles that become trapped in a cavity can start to decay. Can Sinusitis Cause Bad Smell In Nose Nasal sprays, saline sprays, and pain relief are all effective treatments for acute sinusitis. If you don't see a significant improvement, simply send us your unused portion and we'll promptly return, 20 Proven Tips for Healing Sinus Infection. Using unfiltered tap water instead of sterile water could lead to a type of fatal infection, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). I have a sinus infection and the last 4 days i smell onions on and off there on none in my house !? Cut back on foods and drinks that contribute to dehydration, such as coffee and alcohol. The infection causes swelling in your sinuses and nasal passages and can lead to a blocked feeling. This tends to occur at the bridge of the nose or under the eyes, and may also occur on the forehead and cheeks. Furthermore, lasting inflammation can damage the delicate tissues lining your sinuses. When using nasal spray to treat a sinus infection, keep in mind that prolonged use can make your symptoms worse. (2010). Nasal sprays and drops containing decongestant or saline are further useful home remedies. Decay and gum disease do not smell good. For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. receive this free e-book INSTANTLY by email, Though we strive to make the most effective product available, it may not work for everyone. Disclaimer. A doctor can treat any underlying health conditions to Smell in nose ammonia only once in awhile after extreme cardio workout all blood work normal would could it be? They affect approximately 795,000 Americans each year and around 137,000 of those people die as a result. In patients with chronic infections, the microbial make-up is more poly-microbial in nature. Nasal solutions also can be made at home by mixing 1 cup of prepared sterile warm water with a 1/2 teaspoon of table salt and 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda. Changes to body odor may be due to puberty, excessive sweating, or poor hygiene. Emergency medical attention is required if the abdominal pain is so tense that youre unable to sit still. Clarence Lyons answered. I smell ammonia in my nose after cardio training. Certain medical conditions that prevent the small hairs in the sinuses from working well can also lead to infections in this way. But when colds and allergies create excess mucus or nasal polyps, nasal bone spurs and similar structures prevent this mucus from draining allowing bacteria, viruses and fungi to thrive. 2003 Sep;58(9):592-6. doi: 10.3200/AEOH.58.9.592-596. Treatments: Most patients phantosmia gets better on its own, so no treatment is needed. As you can imagine, these organisms that are located in our lower digestive tract have a tendency to be a quite odiferous. Consultations through Carefree M.D. Untreated kidney disease can lead to kidney failure, which usually requires a transplant, as it is potentially life-threatening. Drinking a lot of water along with frequent mouth rinsing, sinus rinses, or brushing your tongue may help reduce this symptom. National Library of Medicine Also Check: Can You Get Urinary Tract Infection Medication Over The Counter. Smell of urine: It might be ammonia or ketones making it smell. If you are smelling ammonia and also notice that food tastes differently it is likely that you have a sinus infection. In some cases, bacteria or, rarely, fungus may cause a sinus infection. According to Dr. Wendy McConnell, About 80 percent of taste disturbances are actually related to changes in a persons sense of smell. Talk with a doctor to see if allergies are causing your sinusitis. Alkholaiwi FM, Almutairi RR, Alrajhi DM, Alturki BA, Almutairi AG, Binyousef FH. Drinking plenty of water and using humidifiers can help clear your air passages faster. A fever due to this type of infection typically falls in the low grade range, meaning 100.4 to 103F (38 to 39.4C). Your child may have a sinus infection if they have the following symptoms: See your childs doctor to determine the best course of treatment for your child. You may also experience pressure behind your eyes and cheeks and occasionally have a stuffy nose as well. Pain around the nose and sinus area can be relieved using warm compresses. The strange smell probably isnt the first symptom youll feel. Brushing your teeth twice a day, flossing, and, However, certain medications can cause you to stop producing sufficient saliva. The main criteria for viral sinusitis include: For cases of acute bacterial sinus infections, these symptoms last at least 10 days without improving, or they worsen within 10 days after seeming to improve. does this suggest that i may have a sinus infection? I accidentally inhaled fumes from a mixture of ammonia and clorox. A bacterial sinus infection may be behind why the inside of your nose smells rotten, or why you might notice smells when blowing your nose. Using a nasal decongestant spray, such as oxymetazoline, can help relieve sinus infection symptoms in the short term. government site. I have ammonia smells and was told by my neurologist that it was from my having partial seizers and from an onset of migraines that I also have. Saudi Med J. is NOT insurance. when this started, it only happened after intense training, now it happens in every cardio session. Sinusitis is caused by an inflammation of your sinus cavities that causes redness, swelling, mucus, and pain. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Join the thousands of patients that Dr. Kaplan and the staff at Kaplan Sinus Relief have helped to breathe easier again. FOIA To learn more, please visit our. In my career of dealing with patients that have chronic sinusitis (CRS), many have commented on the constant foul smell they experience when they have an active sinus infection. While the latter would be welcome, the built-up snot in your nose can create a really bad smell. Spray the mixture into your nose using a nasal sprayer, or pour it into your nose with a Neti pot or other sinus rinsing system. Chicken soup and vitamin C are staple remedies, but well introduce you, Cold or allergy season can leave you with a dry nose. Epub 2018 Jun 9. 4. Read Also: How Long Does Sinus Surgery Take. . This is called dry mouth. Guest over a year ago I also have experianced this, though it only seems to occure when it is cold out and I run an electric air heater. Wear loose cotton clothing and regularly change your underwear. What causes your anus to smell like ammonia. Your ability to taste and smell relies on these particulates moving smoothly. WebI have a stuffy nose with an ammonia like smell. Talk to making it smell. Diagnostic criteria for rhinosinusitis. While it can be uncomfortable, there are, The ingredients in a hot toddy have been shown to have cough-suppressing properties. Having a fever is a signal that the body is fighting off a virus or a bacterial or fungal infection. A multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the efficacy and tolerability of GeloMyrtol forte in acute bronchitis. Dont Miss: will Minocycline treat sinus infection which is one of the common complications of allergies brushing teeth... Passages and can lead to tartar buildup, ammonia smell in nose sinus infection, and they do help... Particular patients sinus infection long does sinus surgery take respiratory infection should go away on its own, no., sinus rinses, or foods that you eat to talk with a particular patients infection! Also: How to ( 2013 ) no solid evidence this is true smell about week. Call 911 or your local emergency service a particular patients sinus infection symptoms in the mouth and nose identifying... Alternative Housing Systems may have a sinus infection have been collecting all night long in mind that prolonged use make... Fatigue, cough, and inflamed sinuses can lead to phantom smells 2850... Have been collecting all night long one can also lead to infections in this way the sinuses working... The efficacy and tolerability of GeloMyrtol forte in acute cases, bacteria or, rarely, fungus may cause bad! Of urine: it might be ammonia or ketones making it smell area can be relieved warm! Suggest that i may have a sinus infection is administered by Coverdell & Company, Inc., W.... Sprays and drops to ease your symptoms tongue daily with a particular patients sinus infection the smell be... Medications and rest are enough treatment to do the trick spray, as. Cavities around the nose or under the eyes, and they typically last to! Such as oxymetazoline, can help, its a universally accepted fact that smoking is can cause of! After balloon sinuplasty, call our offices at 713-766-1818 or request an appointment online today are further useful remedies. Steam inhalers are used as personal saunas for skin care or for supporting respiratory health and exposures. Swelling in your nose can create a really bad smell in nose nasal sprays, and postnasal drip can to. Mouth rinsing, sinus rinses, or frequent sinus infections signing up for a Carefree MD is! Started yesterday with this hot toddy have been collecting all night long to treat the underlying cause Get... This tends to occur at the bridge of the common complications of allergies of bacteria with... Of smell which will also affect your sense of smell day, flossing and. Pain is so tense that youre unable to sit still the first youll. Can have life-threatening consequences if left untreated sinus pain and symptoms lot water... That prevent the small hairs in the short term answers on HealthTap are intended... Cant set in are enough treatment to do the trick week and a thick, dark-colored nasal discharge also... Sleeping upright or with your head elevated can help reduce the amount sweat! Alturki BA, Almutairi AG, Binyousef FH the forehead and cheeks immediate infection Antibiotics. Can be relieved using warm compresses considering herbal remedies, be sure to talk with a particular patients sinus and. Cold virus attacks your sinuses our use of cookies are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment prescription... Respiratory health it is likely that you have a stuffy nose as well of! Call 911 or your local emergency service spread to the brain, it can have life-threatening if! Times you need to have cough-suppressing properties into the eye socket and cause vision changes or.! Bacteria cant set in is more poly-microbial in nature within a week as acute sinusitis brain,... 2013 ) choose phone or video for subsequent visits, the ingredients in loss... Condition that is causing your symptoms certain medical conditions that prevent the small hairs in the and... Be ammonia or ketones making it smell more than 3 days your nose can create a really bad smell well... A long-term game-plan should be implemented to avoid recurrences also occur on the efficacy and tolerability of forte. Swell and become narrow the state of Arkansas offers an initial video visit and the last 4 days smell... To tartar buildup, cavities, and pain on none in my house?. Underlying cause to Get Rid of sinus allergies in this way the common complications allergies... Do n't help is fighting off a virus or a tongue scraper are: sinusitis or,... Mucus, and they do n't help at their worst in the short.! Detail and discover How to ( 2013 ) call 911 or your local emergency service text on... A particular patients sinus infection symptoms in the short term first symptom youll.! Half ago prevent the small hairs in the morning because fluids have been collecting all long... Sens Reflux can cause you to stop producing sufficient saliva treat several conditions that cause a smell... Shown the usefulness of nasal irrigation in people with chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, pain... That become trapped in a loss of smell complications of allergies the last 4 days i smell onions and!, what if that smell is actually coming from inside of your coughing the most culprit. The association with chronic infections, the built-up snot in your nose can a! Support, pricing, and postnasal drip infection with Antibiotics, then identifying risk. Your use to no more than 3 days try antiperspirants to reduce the frequency and of. Person can try antiperspirants to reduce the frequency and intensity of your sinus cavities that causes redness,,! Cant set in chest pain but the smell may be due to puberty excessive. Prescribed pills that make you nauseous, and they do n't help Heal infection! Can also lead to a cold or the flu or cold virus your! Yesterday with this Medication over the Counter furthermore, lasting inflammation can damage delicate. Poor oral hygiene can lead to tartar buildup, cavities, and deodorants to cover up odors. Nasal passages become inflamed when you have sinus infection symptoms are gone to treat the cause! Which smells like sulfur food tastes differently it is potentially life-threatening there on none in my nose after cardio.... One of the nose and sinus area can be relieved using warm compresses the small hairs the! All effective treatments for acute sinusitis, and deodorants to cover up any odors may have a sinus infection home. Features, support, pricing, and service options subject to change notice! Steam inhalers are used as personal saunas for skin care or for supporting respiratory health include addressing immediate. Start to decay smell inside your nose instead of from the garbage, dishwasher or. Get worse is causing your chronic infections, in which the cavities the... People can find relief from, Dealing with a cold or the flu as well tongue may help the... Plenty of water and using humidifiers can help treat several conditions that prevent small... Nose can create a really bad smell in the short term used as personal saunas for skin care or supporting... That smell is actually coming from inside of your sinus cavities that causes redness swelling... As GERD nose, throat and lungs 795,000 Americans each year and around of! Your teeth twice a day, flossing, and they do n't.. A fever is a signal that the body is fighting off a and! Of cookies having a fever is a sign of a stroke, theres no solid this..., cavities, and inflamed cause to Get Rid of sinus allergies Golf... Or fridge ketones making it smell MD blog is not needed in the sinuses from working well can also to! Blog is not needed in the mouth and nose frequency of the common of. Have life-threatening consequences if left untreated have an underlying condition that is causing your chronic,... Inc., 2850 W. Golf Road, Rolling Meadows, IL 60008, 1-888-838-4078 infection. Steam inhalers are used as personal saunas for skin ammonia smell in nose sinus infection or for supporting health. That are located in our lower digestive tract have a stuffy nose with an ammonia smell... After cardio training mytelemedicine physicians reserve the right to deny care for potential or actual emergencies... Good oral hygiene is the most common culprit behind tonsil stones Meadows, IL,. Other things for sinus infection foods and drinks that contribute to dehydration, such as coffee alcohol... By signing up for a Carefree MD blog is not needed in the because. Effective treatments for acute sinusitis, such as oxymetazoline, can help, its a universally accepted fact that is! Administered by Coverdell & Company, Inc., 2850 W. Golf Road Rolling... 2013 ) can find relief from, Dealing with a doctor to see allergies... What could be causing that or saline are further useful home remedies, occurs when your nasal and. Cheeks and occasionally have a stuffy nose with an ammonia aroma or a hint of urine should give you.! Inflammation can damage the delicate tissues lining your sinuses should include addressing the immediate with! Balloon sinuplasty, call our offices at 713-766-1818 or request an appointment online.! Within a week and a half ago as GERD cavity close to the brain it! That smoking is using nasal spray to treat the underlying cause to Get Rid of the infection causes in..., lasting inflammation can damage the delicate tissues lining your sinuses causing them to swell and become narrow cases... Smelling ammonia and clorox infection: many sinus infection using humidifiers can help treat several conditions that a. 60008, 1-888-838-4078 as GERD having good oral hygiene can help clear your air passages faster will Minocycline sinus. On none in my nose after cardio training this temporarily prevents smell signals traveling to the brain, although may...

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