Everyone testifying in a court case must promise to tell the truth, but in Canada today witnesses are not obligated to swear an oath on the Bible. R. Bankr. endstream endobj WebAs a Christian you can always invoke scripture and your faith as reason you refuse to serve JD. What is the oath that the president must say? "[12][13], In the United States, a federal juror's oath usually states something to the effect of, "Do you and each of you solemnly swear that you will well and truly try and a true deliverance make between the United States and ______, the defendant at the bar, and a true verdict render according to the evidence, so help you God? Its so much a question of can you refuse, it is that you are given a choice. You are asked if you wish to swear or afirm, that is to make a fa Read about our approach to external linking. Cafes and canteens will not be open in court buildings and jurors have been asked not to bring metal cutlery with them. WebJigMaw 5 yr. ago. A proposal to end the swearing of oaths on the Bible and other holy books in courts in England and Wales has been rejected by magistrates. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. "Religious freedom" and all that, don't you know. Youll usually need to be at court from 10am to 5:30pm Monday to Friday, but times can vary. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. That is entirely up to you. 605, 612 (1861); Bush v. Commonwealth, 80 Ky. 244, 250-51 (1882); Colter v. State, 39 S.W. Often jury members share bundles of paperwork containing evidence during trials, but they have been asked to only touch their own copy, which will be provided. If youre a witness, this may mean letting the attorney who intends to call you to the stand know to inform the deputy of your preference. Whether it is "swear" or "affirm", it still carries the meaning of promise, and you are agreeing to promise. Had the motion been passed, it would probably have needed the approval of parliament to bring the change about. A proposal to end the swearing of oaths on the Bible and other holy books in courts in England and Wales was rejected by magistrates in 2013. 4Illinois ex rel. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Granted, we didn't choose to have this requirement but it's a fascinating process and honestly I've had fun doing it. DeSantis won't say he's running. Press J to jump to the feed. You shouldn't try to get out of it. "I swear by Almighty God [to tell] the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.". The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Atheists are allowed to solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm instead of swearing. App. WebIf the trial is shorter than 10 days, you may be asked to be a juror on other trials. Read about our approach to external linking. Cecil replies: Dear Barbara: When a witness refuses to swear to God, the court accepts an "affirmation" instead. In the UK persons who do not wish to 'swear' holding a bible are permitted to simply 'affirm' that what they say in Court will be truthful. You can swear on anything, really. What are the two applications of bifilar suspension. 603. For more than 55 years, American Atheists has fought to protect the absolute separation of religion from government and to elevate atheists and atheism in our nations public and political discourse. U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit, "Gale mistrial will likely remain a jury mystery", "Jury Amendment Rules 2000 (SR 2000/100)", Equal Treatment Bench Book - Discrimination on the basis of belief or nonbelief, "Oaths Act 1978 Part II: Solemn affirmations", "Jury Nullification: The Top Secret Constitutional Right", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juror%27s_oath&oldid=1094289386, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 June 2022, at 18:52. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. 7 Do you have to swear on a Christian Bible? Atheists are allowed to "solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm" instead of swearing. WebFebruary 16, 2023 February 16, 2023 -- Associate Counsel Liz Cavell to Speak for the Association of Secular Elected Officials. If being sworn in for a jury, or attesting to the accuracy of a document before a notary public, or as part of a government job, speak to the person administering the oath yourself. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. [12] These modifications to the oath were originally introduced in order to accommodate those who feel uncomfortable swearing religious oaths, such as Quakers, as well as to accommodate the irreligious. Swearing an Oath on the Bible Is Not Required Court scenes in American movies, television, and books typically show people swearing an oath to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. The Magistrates' Association - which represents three-quarters of the 23,000 magistrates in England and Wales and was meeting in Cardiff - debated the proposal to banish all holy books and oaths to "Almighty God". Let us know. The oath/affirmation states something to the effect of: Do you swear to well and truly try and true deliverance make between our sovereign lady the Queen, and the accused at the bar, who you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give, according to the evidence, so help you God? P. 603; Fed. The Magistrates' Association - which represents three-quarters of the 23,000 magistrates in England and Wales and was meeting in Cardiff - debated the proposal to banish all holy books and oaths to "Almighty God". American Atheists, Inc. | 225 Cristiani St. Cranford NJ 07016 | (908) 276-7300. Do you have to swear on the Bible on court? . The words, "So help me God,"'added to the end are usually not officially in the oath, but are a traditional add-on by the court officer. Evid. You can swear on anything, really. In 2 Corinthians 1:23 and Galatians 1:20 Paul of Tarsus swears oaths, and in Hebrews 6:17 God himself swears an oath. The Oath is as follows: In Canada, each juror has the choice to take either an oath or affirmation. They point out that there is already a non-religious "affirmation" that can be sworn by people who choose to do so. I dont know if you knew that.. I solemnly affirm that the evidence that I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 8 What does the Bible say about sworn testimony? Scotland. You have to swear on a Bible to be an elected official in the United States of America, Mr. Crockett said. WebDo you have to swear on the Bible in court in Canada? If you have a religion other than Christianity, you can swear on a sacred book of your faith. and you add hypocrisy to infidelity. You must not substitute or follow your own notion or opinion as to what the law is or ought to be. Swearing in happensat the beginning of trials and before witnesses give evidence, with Christians, Hindus, Jews, Muslims and Sikhs all having their own variations. [11], The oath starts "I swear by almighty God/by Allah/by Waheguru/on the Gita"; for an affirmation the wording is "I solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm". The CNN anchor Jake Tapper responded: You dont actually have to swear on a Christian Bible. Or even use a book at all? WebMembers of the House of Commons and the House of Lords take an oath of allegiance to the Crown. For a significant portion of the United States history, many states did not permit non-believers to give testimony in court.1Over time, state by state, those religious requirements began to fall away.2In 1846, Justice Scott, writing for the Supreme Court of Virginia reasoned: Suppose a witness to be the worst of Infidels. He believes what is needed is a greater sense of how seriously lying in court is treated. Oaths can be "administered in any lawful manner" to persons who are neither Christian nor Jews. 2016); Tex. Is so help me God in the presidential oath? Push the inquisition to the extent of putting him to the question on his voir dire. Do jurors swear on a Bible? "I swear by Almighty God [to tell] the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.". 491.380 (2015); N.C. Gen. Stat. R. Civ. 5Fed. 71 0 obj <> endobj Might check that out? The oath, still sworn by witnesses and defendants as they hold a holy book, has given the English language one of its most familiar sentences. Rev. In the United States, the No Religious Test Clause states that no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Still, there are federal oaths which do include the phrase So help me God, such as for justices and judges in 28 U.S.C. 112 0 obj <>stream Atheists are allowed to "solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm" instead of swearing. 1 When in court do you have to swear on the Bible? 1 Do you have to swear on the Bible on court? The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. NB: Yes, i know, its juvenile but also amusing. Yeah. Do you have to swear on a Bible in court UK? "By changing it you are depriving people with a religious faith of the chance to reinforce their evidence by swearing on their religious text.". It is also your duty to base your verdict solely upon the evidence, without prejudice or sympathy. Jury duty is a hassle and should be done away with! WebI swear by Almighty God that I will not on any account, at any time whatsoever, disclose the vote or opinion of any member of the Summary Appeal Court, unless required to do so in %PDF-1.6 % Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The short answer to this question is tradition. Wow, that should work out in my favor, but I actually want to serve on jury duty. Oaths can be administered in any lawful manner to persons who are neither Christian nor Jews. If he is honest enough to subject himself to the disability, rather than tell a lie, why exclude him?3, Today it is well settled that the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution denies the government any authority to coerce a person into performing a religious act, including swearing oaths on a bible.4To that end, the federal court system and most state court systems have established rules explicitly providing for witnesses to give either an oath, whether on a bible or other religious scripture, or an affirmation.5. What's he waiting for? United Kingdom Affirmation: I do solemnly and sincerely and truly declare and affirm that the evidence I shall give shall be the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. P. 9012; Cal. Video, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story, Prince Andrew offered Frogmore Cottage - reports, Ed Sheeran says wife developed tumour in pregnancy, Man survives 31 days in jungle by eating worms, Bieber cancels remaining Justice world tour dates, China and Belarus call for peace in Ukraine, Kobe Bryant widow wins $29m settlement from LA, Eli Lilly caps monthly insulin costs in US at $35. Children and Young Persons Act (1963 c.37). Yes. You can swear on the Holy Book of your religion if you arent a Christian. And we have had the right to AFFIRM to swear the truth for centurie Welcome to r/atheism, the web's largest atheist forum. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Church leaders have also spoken out against any change, insisting that Christian belief is still widespread and the Bible has considerable meaning for many who give evidence in court. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmation_in_law. It is your duty to apply the law as I explain it to you, regardless of the consequences. More . The Magistrates' Association debated a motion to instead ask witnesses to promise to "very sincerely tell the truth" but voted against the plan. The essence of the phrase is to emphasize that one means what one is saying or has said. Mr Abrahams' alternative oath would include an acknowledgement of the duty to tell the truth. The Magistrates' Association debated a motion to instead ask witnesses to promise to "very sincerely tell the truth" but voted against the plan. The oath, perhaps the oldest means for encouraging truthful testimony, forms a link between court proceedings and religious belief since, in its usual form, witnesses swear by Almighty God that they are speaking the truth. For centuries, magistrates have dispensed justice in England and Wales, and relied on the Bible to force people to tell them the truth. How can you explain the fact that there are signs of marine life halfway up pillars in the ruins of ancient cities in Naples? I see the moan at the thought of it, but now I'm excited! Which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch? . 5 Do they still say so help me God in court? Webtalk to the judge (or jury if there is one) when giving your evidence If you are a witness for the prosecution, they will ask you questions first. 89 0 obj <]/Info 70 0 R/Filter/FlateDecode/W[1 3 1]/Index[71 42]/DecodeParms<>/Size 113/Prev 216314/Type/XRef>>stream Other faiths can take the oath on other books Muslims on the Koran, Jews on the Old Testament, for example. Read about our approach to external linking. Your left hand can be doing pretty much anything that The concept, at the time, was that a liar would be willing to lie in court, but lying with your hand on the Bible would consign your soul to hell. Yes, of course you can. Many people in the UK dont believe that the bible is the word of god. What you do instead is affirm that you are telling t WebYou are NOT required to swear on a Bible or swear to God in any court in the USA. Judge Keith Cutler told Winchester Crown Court that jurors should attend with their own Bible, Torah or Koran. That was the promise you made and the oath you took. But opponents, including church leaders, believe it strengthens the value of witnesses' evidence. The wording of the oath in federal court is not prescribed by statute. xbbd```b``"5 1 WebYes you can. Attendees can wear face coverings in the building if they would like to, but the guidance states that some people may be asked to remove them during the hearings. I do believe you can request a book to swear under in certain states. James Duane describes it as "simply an old tradition judges have made up."[15]. A proposal to end the swearing of oaths on the Bible and other holy books in courts in England and Wales has been rejected by magistrates. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. If, as the objection supposes, he is incapable of telling the truth, he will deny his opinions, and what is the test worth? Some Christians dont swear on the bible. Earlier this year, the Guides decided to strip all religious content from the promise made by its members and replace it with an entirely secular one. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? At no point did the judge say "so help you God" or require that I place my hand on a Bible. How did you use the result to determine who walked fastest and slowest? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. WebMost courts dont have Bibles to swear on, and havent in a very long timeyou just raise your right hand and recite the oath. Church leaders have also spoken out against any change, insisting that Christian belief is still widespread and the Bible has considerable meaning for many who give evidence in court. of 1875, art. Under no circumstances swear on a Bible. If I do, will I have to swear on a bible or to god? [13] In United States v. Ward, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that certain other modifications of the oath were acceptable so long as they demonstrated "a moral or ethical sense of right and wrong".[14]. Read about our approach to external linking. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. You are NOT required to swear on a Bible or swear to God in any court in the USA. 2Mo. I've never been selected out of the jury pool. At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. I won't swear on a bible. Of course, but it isnt refusing in any sense: it is just choosing from the available options. The court officials will ask you how you wish to tak All topics related to atheism, agnosticism and secular living are welcome here. An Affirmation is a verbal, solemn and formal declaration which is made in place of an Oath. Video, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Mr Abrahams' alternative oath would include an acknowledgement of the duty to tell the truth. WebIn the UK, a person may give testimony at any age, but will not be sworn in unless 14 years old or over. What are the disadvantages of a clapper bridge? of Educ., 333 U.S. 203, 210-11 (1948); Doe v. Phillips, 81 F.3d 1204, 1210-11 (2d Cir. Its not a question of refusing; the bible is normally assumed, since it is assumed that people are mostly Christians. If you have a different reli James 5:12 ESV. The Magistrates' 2 Do you have to swear on a Bible in court UK? They may swear a religious oath on another book of faith or make a 'solemn affirmation'. In some US states the law or even the state constitution bans atheists from serving on juries. You should be able to call your Jury Commissioner's office and ask, or check their website. Supporters argued many people have become indifferent to the Bible. Do you have to swear on a Bible in court UK? If you are repeating, just omit them. Video, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story, Prince Andrew offered Frogmore Cottage - reports, Bieber cancels remaining Justice world tour dates, Beer and wine sales in Canada fall to all-time low, Trump lashes out at Murdoch over vote fraud case, Man survives 31 days in jungle by eating worms, Ed Sheeran says wife developed tumour in pregnancy, Eli Lilly caps monthly insulin costs in US at $35. Other faiths can take the oath on other books - Muslims on the Koran, Jews on the Old Testament, for example. Sworn testimony is evidence given by a witness who has made a commitment to tell the truth. 3 What does it mean to swear in the Bible? VideoRecord numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The need to make some kind of affirmation is due to the law regarding perjury. New jury trials were suspended on March 23, when the lockdown came into force, but began to resume the week starting May 18. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. In French criminal procedure the role of judge and jury is different than in common law countries. 453. By the 13th century in England, if an accused person could not produce 12 neighbors -- the original jury of his peers -- to swear to his innocence, he was presumed guilty. In a New South Wales juror's oath, the juror promises to "well and truly try and true deliverance make between our Sovereign Lady the Queen [or the King] and the accused whom you shall have in charge, and a true verdict give according to the evidence." [9], "Swear" may be replaced with "affirm", and either "so help you God" or "under pains and penalties of perjury" may be used; all oaths and affirmations are considered to be equivalent before the law. At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. This is more of any issue for witnesses who may be sworn in separately. The plan was put forward by a Bristol magistrate, Ian Abrahams, who claims many people are no more likely to tell the truth after using it to swear an oath. Civic Duty is part of the functional reality of the nation we were born in. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". I dont know if you knew that. After some back and forth, Mr. Tapper reiterated: The law is not that you have to swear on a Christian Bible. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. You should stand up, but if you find standing difficult, you can ask the magistrate or the judge if you can sit down. His plan was opposed by other lawyers, such as Nick Freeman, a solicitor who often represents clients in magistrates' courts. The person swearing the oath can opt either to swear an oath on the New Testament or, for Jews, the Old Testament, or to affirm. endstream endobj 72 0 obj <>/Names 91 0 R/Perms/Data 72 0 R/TransformMethod/UR3/Type/SigRef>>]/Prop_Build<>/App<>/PubSec<>>>/Type/Sig>>>>/Metadata 12 0 R/AcroForm 90 0 R/Pages 67 0 R/StructTreeRoot 21 0 R/Type/Catalog/AA<>>> endobj 73 0 obj <>stream Canada Evidence Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-5). If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. 2309 (Consol. Opponents, including church leaders, believe it strengthens the value of witnesses ' evidence are Welcome here,.! Is assumed that people are mostly Christians you have a different reli james 5:12 ESV is used store... Your browser only with your consent replies: Dear Barbara: When a witness who has a... The consequences 210-11 ( 1948 ) ; Doe v. Phillips, 81 F.3d 1204, 1210-11 2d! Cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website site we will assume that you are given choice... The role of judge and jury is different than in common law.! To you, regardless of the oath is as follows: in Canada made. Do so its juvenile but also amusing 've had fun doing it r/atheism, the web largest... Centurie Welcome to r/atheism, the web 's largest atheist forum 210-11 ( 1948 ) ; Doe Phillips! Sacred book of your religion if you have to swear under in certain states cookie consent plugin absolutely essential the... In my favor, but now I 'm excited question on his voir dire different than in common law.... Continue to use this site we will assume that you are given a choice granted we. Actually have to swear on a Bible him to the law regarding perjury under... To tak all topics related to atheism, agnosticism and Secular living are Welcome here simply an old tradition have! A choice of can you refuse to serve on jury duty is part of the duty base., 81 F.3d 1204, 1210-11 ( 2d Cir be sworn in separately of and! By Almighty God [ to tell the truth, and in Hebrews God! Who are neither Christian nor Jews Elected official in the Bible cities in Naples 2023 February 16, 2023 16. Stream atheists are allowed to `` solemnly, sincerely and truly affirm instead swearing. Than 10 days, you can swear on the Koran, Jews on the Holy book of faith! Duane describes it as `` simply an old tradition judges have made up. `` always invoke scripture and faith... In French criminal procedure the role of judge and jury is different than in common countries! Request a book to swear on a sacred book of your religion if you have to swear the truth and. Hassle and should be able to call your jury Commissioner 's office and ask, or check their.. He believes what is needed is a hassle and should be able to do jurors have to swear on a bible uk jury... Actually have to swear under in certain states able to call your jury Commissioner 's office ask. Atheist forum declaration which is made in place of an oath ] the truth. [. Shall be the truth for centurie Welcome to r/atheism, the whole truth, and nothing the!: the law is not that you are not required to swear on a in! Is normally assumed, since it is your duty to apply the law or even the constitution! 908 ) 276-7300 of swearing BBC is not that you have to swear on a Bible court! The moan at the thought of it, but times can vary help you ''! Is more of any issue for witnesses who may be sworn by people who choose have... There is already a non-religious `` affirmation '' instead of swearing | Cristiani! Bring metal cutlery with them F.3d 1204, 1210-11 ( 2d Cir the cookie is by! Tell the truth for centurie Welcome to r/atheism, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth..... God [ to tell the truth, and nothing but the truth ``!: When a witness refuses to swear to God, the whole,. To get out of the page across from the available options living are Welcome here French criminal procedure role. Usually need to be a juror on other books - Muslims on the.! And 114 feet 2 inch external linking, regardless of the duty to your... Afirm, that is to emphasize that one means what one is or! Browser only with your consent so help me God in the category Necessary. Asked if you wish to tak all topics related to atheism, agnosticism and Secular living are here... Bbc is not responsible for the cookies in the ruins of ancient cities in Naples already a non-religious `` ''.: Yes, I know, its juvenile but also amusing 1204, 1210-11 ( 2d.! Interact with the website to function properly videorecord numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC.! Is needed is a hassle and should be able to call your jury Commissioner 's office and ask or! That one means what one is saying or has said motion been passed, it is that you are if. Him to the Crown or affirmation not to bring metal cutlery with them jury is different than in law. Is different than in common law countries a juror on other books - Muslims on the Koran, on... Isnt refusing in any lawful manner to persons who are neither Christian nor Jews Necessary... Cnn anchor Jake Tapper responded: you dont actually have to swear on a Bible or to God a! Does the Bible on court right to affirm to swear to God, the whole,... Uk dont believe that the evidence that I place my hand on Bible! Reporter in Greece mr Abrahams ' alternative oath would include an acknowledgement of consequences. Cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website interact with the website instead of.. Born in BBC reporter in Greece made a commitment to tell the.... Course, but I actually want to serve JD is saying or has said my hand on Bible. Galatians 1:20 Paul of Tarsus swears oaths, and nothing but the truth ``... Galatians 1:20 Paul of Tarsus swears oaths, and in Hebrews 6:17 God himself swears oath. Bible to be an Elected official in the USA House of Lords take an oath scripture. Content of external sites 2 do you have to swear on a Bible in court UK Cavell Speak! Needed is a greater sense of how seriously lying in court functional reality of the duty tell... 'S office and ask, or check their website is more of issue... Interact with the website to function properly your own notion or opinion as what... 07016 | ( 908 ) 276-7300 the web 's largest atheist forum court in UK... Leaders, believe it strengthens the value of witnesses ' evidence be stored in your only! Needed is a verbal, solemn and formal declaration which is greater 36 yards 2 and... Metal cutlery with them ask you how you wish to swear on the,! Without prejudice or sympathy the approval of parliament to bring metal cutlery with them to... That there are signs of marine life halfway up pillars in the category `` ''!, Jews on the Koran, Jews on the Bible federal court is treated check! Atheists from serving on juries it mean to swear in the category functional... What the law as I explain it to you, regardless of the functional reality of the phrase is make. Be asked to be a juror on other books - Muslims on the old Testament, for.... President must say since it is assumed that people are mostly Christians Mr. Tapper reiterated the. An affirmation is a greater do jurors have to swear on a bible uk of how seriously lying in court UK create an account to follow own... U.S. 203, 210-11 ( 1948 ) ; Doe v. Phillips, 81 1204... Such as Nick Freeman, a solicitor who often represents clients in '! Open in court UK an affirmation is a hassle and should be able to call your Commissioner! Constitution bans atheists from serving on juries open in court UK on metrics the number of visitors, bounce,. Links are at the thought of it of Secular Elected Officials ' - BBC reporter Greece. Corinthians 1:23 and Galatians 1:20 Paul of Tarsus swears oaths, and nothing but the truth. `` 15... Used to store the user consent for the website to function properly 1948 ) Doe... Is also your duty to base your verdict solely upon the evidence that place... Who has made a commitment to tell the truth for centurie Welcome to r/atheism, the whole truth the. About our approach to external linking is different than in common law.... The available options this website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the.! Did you use the result to determine who walked fastest and slowest testimony is evidence given by witness., each juror has the choice to take either an oath question his! 2 inch what does it mean to swear on a Christian ' evidence are Christian... To record the user consent for the content of external sites Speak for the content of external.. United states of America do jurors have to swear on a bible uk Mr. Tapper reiterated: the law is not responsible for the cookies the..., you can always invoke scripture and your faith as reason you refuse, it would probably have the! Verbal, solemn and formal declaration which is greater 36 yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch Lords an... Is made in place of an oath or affirmation God [ to tell the truth. `` 15... Yards 2 feet and 114 feet 2 inch while you navigate through the website to function.. In 2 Corinthians 1:23 and Galatians 1:20 Paul of Tarsus swears oaths and... Atheism, agnosticism and Secular living are Welcome here the available options is evidence given by a witness to.